Preference for salt contributes to sympathovagal imbalance in the genesis of prehypertension

Pal, G K; Chandrasekaran, Adithan; Dutta, Tarun Kumar; Pal, Pravati; Nanda, Nivedita; Kiran, Amruth; Lalitha, Venugopal; Amudharaj, D

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.64

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The difference of salt liking score between obese and normal-weight subjects was moderate and of the same extent in men and women. This result does not concur with previous sensory studies, 8,11,17,18 except with the observations of Hashimoto et al 19 in women. It is likely that the present result would not have been significant in a smaller population sample, such as used in most studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…16 Regarding salt liking, some studies have observed no difference across BMI categories 11,14 or no difference of BMI between salt-preference groups. 17 Others have shown that overweight or obese subjects liked a salty solution less than normalweight subjects. 8,18 In contrast, overweight women were shown to have a stronger salt liking than normal-weight and obese women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (The Nutrinet-Santé study)

et al. 2014

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (The Nutrinet-Santé study)

et al. 2014

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“…Namely, in established cases of hypertension, dietary sodium restriction seems to further alter sympathovagal balance, ie, to impair reflex sympathetic control, and to concomitantly further increase the number of sympathetic bursts to the skeletal muscle circulation. [106][107][108] The effect is marked when the sodium restraint is marked as well but present even with moderately low-sodium intake (80 mmol NaCl/d), 107 suggesting that a low-sodium diet, as usually implemented in daily life, enhances the hypertension-related alterations of autonomic cardiovascular control.…”

Section: Autonomic Alterations During Pharmacological and Nonpharmacomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Autonomic Nervous System and Hypertension

Mancia

Grassı

2014

Circulation Research

496

373

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T hat hypertension is due to a derangement of sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular regulation is one of the most widely accredited and tested hypotheses in cardiovascular research. Its proposal followed from the demonstration that autonomic cardiovascular influences play a fundamental role in homeostatic control of the cardiovascular system. In animal models of hypertension, both an increased sympathetic nerve activity and a reduction of vagal cardiac tone are associated with and responsible for the appearance and maintenance of high blood pressure, with their role expanding to include hypertension-related sequelae.1-3 Albeit through a longer and more difficult journey, evidence is now available that similar autonomic alterations may have a causative or cocausative role also in the generation and maintenance of human hypertension. [4][5][6][7] We begin this review by describing the alterations in autonomic cardiovascular control that characterize human hypertension. We then discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these alterations and the evidence that they contribute to the functional and structural changes of the heart and systemic circulation that accompany a chronic hypertensive state and lead to its clinical complications. Finally, we consider the effects of nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment of hypertension on autonomic cardiovascular control. Our focus is limited to the condition defined as essential or primary hypertension, with no reference to the secondary forms of high blood pressure because secondary hypertension accounts for only a small fraction of the overall prevalence of hypertension 8 and its causes do not include alterations of central or reflex autonomic drive. In addition, the concomitant alterations of sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular control that develop in secondary hypertension have been less extensively documented and remain somewhat controversial. 1,4,6 Autonomic Dysfunction in PrehypertensionAbnormal increases in circulating plasma levels of the adrenergic neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine The Autonomic Nervous System and Hypertension Giuseppe Mancia, Guido GrassiThis Review is in a thematic series on The Autonomic Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System, which includes the following articles:

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“…In normotensives, to maintain BP, the heart and peripheral vessels seem to accommodate to the changes in plasma volume that follow changes in Na + consumption. [8] When Na + intake is high, there will be increase in extracellular fluid volume, increase in blood volume, increase in wall stretch in the heart and blood vessels, increase in the discharge rate of baroreceptors and the resultant decrease in cardiac activity and vascular tone. There will be the reverse mechanism when the Na + intake is low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7] Pal and colleagues reported that salt predilection is associated with sympathovagal imbalance in the form of sympathetic overactivity and vagal withdrawal in young Indian normotensives. [8] However, Luft and associates discovered that sympathetic nervous system activity appears to decrease with salt loading in normal subjects. [9] McNeely and his co-workers found the increased vagal tone in normotensive persons on high salt intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Autonomic Function in Normotensive Men with High Salt and Low Salt Intakes

Than¹,

Khin²,

Thwin³

2019

IJCEP

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Background and Aim: The autonomic nervous system may play an important role in saltinduced increases in blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study is to assess and compare the heart rate (HR) responses to Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing and standing and BP responses to standing and sustained handgrip between normotensive men with habitual high salt intake (HSI) and low salt intake (LSI). Methods: Twenty-fourty years old normotensive men (n=34; n=17 for HSI and n=17 for LSI) were recruited by collecting 4 early morning spot urine samples. Average estimated 24-hr sodium (Na +) excretion of 4 urine samples of ≥166 mmol/day was regarded as HSI and <115 mmol/day as LSI. Heart rate responses to Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing and standing (parasympathetic function tests) and BP responses to standing and sustained handgrip (sympathetic function tests) were investigated in both groups. Results: Valsalva ratio (VR) [1.64±0.36 (HSI) vs 1.78±0.49 (LSI)], deep breathing difference (DBD) [24.51±9.56 beats/min (HSI) vs 22.93±6.37 beats/min (LSI)] and 30:15 ratio [1.34 (1.12-1.46) (HSI) vs 1.19 (1.13-1.52) (LSI)] were not significantly different in both groups. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) change from lying to standing [-0.67 (-4.00-9.00) mmHg (HSI) vs 0.00 (-3.34-2.34) mmHg (LSI)] was not significantly different between the two groups whereas diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rise in sustained handgrip [18.20±3.49 mmHg (HSI) vs 14.77±4.71 mmHg (LSI)] was significantly higher in the HSI (p=0.022). Conclusion: Cardiovascular sympathetic activity appears to increase in normotensive men with habitual high salt intake.

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Preference for salt contributes to sympathovagal imbalance in the genesis of prehypertension

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

Associations between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (The Nutrinet-Santé study)

Associations between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (The Nutrinet-Santé study)

The Autonomic Nervous System and Hypertension

Cardiovascular Autonomic Function in Normotensive Men with High Salt and Low Salt Intakes

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