Preface

Chadwick, Henry; Chadwick, Nora K.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511711008.002

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Noninferiority of the new treatment with respect to the reference treatment is of interest on the premise that the new treatment has some other advantage, such as greater availability, reduced cost, less invasiveness, 11,12 fewer adverse effects (harms), 13 or greater ease of administration. 14 In trials that investigate noninferiority, therefore, the question of interest is not symmetric.…”

Section: Rationale For Noninferiority or Equivalence Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials

Piaggio¹,

Elbourne²,

Pocock³

et al. 2012

JAMA

1,371

914

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The CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) Statement, which includes a checklist and a flow diagram, is a guideline developed to help authors improve the reporting of the findings from randomized controlled trials. It was updated most recently in 2010. Its primary focus is on individually randomized trials with 2 parallel groups that assess the possible superiority of one treatment compared with another. The CONSORT Statement has been extended to other trial designs such as cluster randomization, and recommendations for noninferiority and equivalence trials were made in 2006. In this article, we present an updated extension of the CONSORT checklist for reporting noninferiority and equivalence trials, based on the 2010 version of the CONSORT Statement and the 2008 CONSORT Statement for the reporting of abstracts, and provide illustrative examples and explanations for those items that differ from the main 2010 CONSORT checklist. The intent is to improve reporting of noninferiority and equivalence trials, enabling readers to assess the reliability of their results and conclusions.

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Section: Rationale For Noninferiority or Equivalence Designsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials

Piaggio¹,

Elbourne²,

Pocock³

et al. 2012

JAMA

1,371

914

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…73,90,91 One double-blind study in partial epilepsy reported evidence of agitation (6%), depression (3%), and insomnia (2%), whereas a controlled study in generalized epilepsy found no evidence of increased depression, aggression, or neurosis with treatment. 92,93 The use of carbamazepine has been linked to improvements in obsessive compulsive and paranoid symptom profiles, and has demonstrated both positive and negative effects on cognitive performance in patients with Rolandic epilepsy. 94,95 Ethosuximide Ethosuximide is relatively well tolerated by pediatric epilepsy patients with few psychiatric adverse effects.…”

Section: Carbamazepinementioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Pediatric Cognition, Mood, and Behavior

Afzal

Anam

2016

J Pediatr Epilepsy

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However, the secondary use of AEDs in mood and behavior disorders has increased manifold. 2 This article aims to discuss the use and effects of AEDs in pediatric mood and behavior Keywords ► antiepileptic drugs ► mood ► behavior ► cognition ► adverse effects AbstractIn the past three decades, several new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been marketed across the world, although with a surprisingly modest improvement in overall seizure control. During the same period, the use of AEDs as mood stabilizing or impulse control agents has been trending upwards, due to a notable increase in comorbid mood and behavior disorders in children, and a desire to address these pharmacologically. AEDs have been frequently associated with adverse mood and behavior changes, along with neuropsychiatric effects on attention, memory, and cognition. In this review, we discuss the use and adverse effects of the first-(e.g., barbiturates, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenytoin, valproate), second-(e.g., clobazam, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, tiagabine, topiramate, stiripentol, vigabatrin, zonisamide), and third-(e.g., brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide) generation AEDs in pediatric mood and behavior disorders. We also address what is currently known about the potential longterm neuropsychiatric consequences of AEDs. The distinction between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs versus off-label use of these drugs in the pediatric population is also examined.

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“…... Feb. 18,W,[21][22][23]25,26,[11][12][13]25,26,28,and Apr. 1,2,[4][5][6]8,9,11,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]23,25,26,28,30 and May 1,2... ............ May 3,4,6,7,g,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][20][21][22][23][24][16][17][18][6][7][8]…”

Section: Kiskiminetas Riverunclassified

Chemical quality of surface water in the Allegheny River basin, Pennsylvania and New York

McCarren¹

1967

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The Allegheny River is the principal source of water to many industries and to communities in the upper Ohio River Valley. The river and its many tributaries pass through 19 counties in northwestern and western Pennsylvania. The population in these counties exceeds 3 million. A major user of the Allegheny River is the city of Pittsburgh, which has a population greater than 600,000. The Allegheny River is as basic to the economy of the upper Ohio River Valley in western Pennsylvania as are the rich deposits of bituminous coal, gas, and oil that underlie the drainage basin. During the past 5 years many streams that flow into the Allegheny have been low flowing because of droughts affecting much of the eastern United States. Consequently, the concentration of solutes in some streams has been unusually high because of wastes from coal mines and oil wells. These and other water-quality problems in the Allegheny River drainage basin are affecting the economic future of some areas in western Pennsylvania. Because of environmental factors such as climate, geology, and land and water uses, surface-water quality varies considerably throughout the river basin. The natural quality of headwater streams, for example, is affected by saltwater wastes from petroleoum production. One of the streams most affected is Kinzua Creek, which had 2,900 parts per million chloride in a sample taken at Westline on September 2, 1959. However, after such streams as the Conewango, Brokenstraw, Tionesta, Oil, and French Creeks merge with the Allegheny River, the dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations are reduced by dilution. Central segments of the main river receive water from the Clarion River, Redbank, Mahoning, and Crooked Creeks after they have crossed the coal fields of west-central Pennsylvania. At times, therefore, these streams carry coalmine wastes that are acidic. The Kiskiminetas River, which crosses these coal fields, discharged sulfuric acid into the Allegheny at a rate of 299 tons a day during the 1962 water year (October 1, 1961, to September 30, 1962). Mine water affects the quality of the Allegheny River most noticeably in its lower part where large withdrawals are made by the Pittsburgh Water Company at Aspinwall and the Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority at Nadine. At these places raw river water is chemically treated in modern treatment plants to control such objectionable characteristics as acidity and excessive concentrations of iron and manganese. 1 2 SURFACE WATER, ALLEGHENY RIVER BASIN, PA.-N.Y. Dissolved-solids content in the river varies along its entire length. In its upper reaches the water of the Allegheny River is a sodium chloride type, and at low flow, the sodium chloride is more than half the dissolved solids. In its lower reaches the water is a calcium sulfate type, and at low flow the calcium sulfate is more than half the dissolved solids. In middle segments of the river from Franklin to Kittanning, water is more dilute and of a mixed type. Many small and several larger streams in the upper basin su...

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Preface

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials

Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials

The Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Pediatric Cognition, Mood, and Behavior

Chemical quality of surface water in the Allegheny River basin, Pennsylvania and New York

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