Predominant Bacteria Detected from the Middle Ear Fluid of Children Experiencing Otitis Media: A Systematic Review

Ngo, Chinh; Massa, Helen Maureen; Thornton, Ruth B.; Cripps, Allan W.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150949

Cited by 192 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 162 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…In these treatment groups, M. catarrhalis was detected in 14, 11, 15, and 2 episodes, a This instance of PCR negativity of a sample containing H. influenzae was a consequence of the sequence of the forward primer. Some strains of H. influenzae are not detectable by the primer used in this study (16,24,32). The presence of H. influenzae in a high quantity was verified by sequencing the V3-to-V5 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using generic primers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Moraxella catarrhalis Might Be More Common than Expected in Acute Otitis Media in Young Finnish Children

et al. 2016

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f According to studies based on bacterial cultures of middle ear fluids, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis have been the most common pathogens in acute otitis media. However, bacterial culture can be affected by reduced viability or suboptimal growth of bacteria. PCR detects bacterial DNA from samples with greater sensitivity than culture. In the present study, we analyzed the middle ear pathogens with both conventional culture and semiquantitative real-time PCR in 90 middle ear fluid samples obtained from children aged 5 to 42 months during acute otitis media episodes. Samples were tested for the presence of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Alloiococcus otitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One or more bacterial pathogens were detected in 42 (47%) samples with culture and in 69 (77%) samples with PCR. According to PCR analysis, M. catarrhalis results were positive in 42 (47%) samples, H. influenzae in 30 (33%), S. pneumoniae in 27 (30%), A. otitidis in 6 (6.7%), S. aureus in 5 (5.6%), and P. aeruginosa in 1 (1.1%). Multibacterial etiology was seen in 34 (38%) samples, and M. catarrhalis was detected in most (85%) of those cases. Fifteen signals for M. catarrhalis were strong, suggesting a highly probable etiological role of the pathogen. In conclusion, even though M. catarrhalis is often a part of mixed flora in acute otitis media, a considerable proportion of cases may be primarily attributable to this pathogen. B acterial culture of middle ear fluid (MEF) has been the standard for etiologic diagnosis of acute otitis media (AOM).Streptococcus pneumoniae is considered the most common bacterial pathogen, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis (1-3). About 44% to 75% of MEF samples are positive for bacterial pathogens in conventional culture (2, 4). However, the proportions of culture-positive MEF samples decrease in patients with recurrent AOM (5) and in patients with treatment failure (6). Host defense mechanisms and previous antibiotic treatments may directly contribute to diminished survival of the pathogens in clinical samples and diminish the likelihood of detection of bacteria by culture. In addition, the presence of bacterial biofilms has been correlated with negative bacterial cultures (7) and some of the bacterial pathogens, e.g., Alloiococcus otitidis, grow poorly in conventional cultures (8).Virus infections have also been considered causative agents in AOM (2, 9). Preceding or concurrent viral upper respiratory tract infection is typical in AOM (10), and interactions of viruses and bacteria in the nasopharynx may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AOM (10-12). In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, precise information concerning MEF pathogens may be beneficial for empirical antibiotic therapy, and therefore PCR technique applied to samples from this primarily sterile site may help to achieve more-accurate bacterial etiologic diagnosis of AOM.Previous studies of AOM in Finnish pop...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Moraxella catarrhalis Might Be More Common than Expected in Acute Otitis Media in Young Finnish Children

et al. 2016

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“…Otitis media which is inflammation of the middle ear cleft has been reported as a common childhood disease (Cripps and Kyd, 2003;Afolabi et al, 2012;Wasihun and Zemene, 2015;Ngo et al, 2016). It is associated with multiple microbial pathogens within the middle ear (Ngo et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is associated with multiple microbial pathogens within the middle ear (Ngo et al, 2016). It has a high incidence and prevalence in both developed and developing countries (Afolabi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates in children with otitis media in Zamfara, North-Western Nigeria

Garba¹,

Mohammed²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Otitis media has been reported as a common childhood disease and is associated with multiple microbial pathogens within the middle ear. Though the causative agents of this infection have largely remained the same over the years, current literature reviews show that the antibiotic susceptibility pattern has changed considerably. This study aimed to identify bacterial isolates and determine their antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns in children who had otitis media. This is a retrospective analysis of ear swab microscopy, culture and sensitivity (MCS) results of children between the age of 0 and 13 years who presented with clinical episodes of otitis media over a four year period. A total of 53 results were retrieved from the laboratory record book of which 43 were culture positive giving a yield of 84.9%. Males were 33 (62.3%) giving a M:F ratio of 1.7:1 and 71.7% were below the age of 5 years. Majority (68.9%) of the isolates were Gram positive organisms with Staphylococcus aureus being the commonest bacteria isolated (53.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0%) and then Streptococcus pyogenes (13.3%). The isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin, while all were found to be resistant to tetracycline, cefixime and levofloxacin. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes were the commonest bacterial isolates in the patients. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin were the antibiotics with the highest bacterial susceptibility rate. Children with ear discharge were recommended to be investigated and treatment should be based on antimicrobial test to prevent resistance and probably complications.

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“…Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common pathogens [3,19,20]. Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common and found in 35-45% [3,20], patients infected with this microorganism tend to have more severe disease [3,16].…”

Section: Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenzae Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common and found in 35-45% [3,20], patients infected with this microorganism tend to have more severe disease [3,16]. The serotypes responsible have been changed after the introduction of pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) [3].…”

Section: Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemophilus Influenzae Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Otitis Media- An Update

Shawabkeh¹,

Haidar²,

Larem³

et al. 2017

JOENTR

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Objective: To review the literature about Acute otitis media (AOM).Introduction: AOM is a common condition with an incidence of 10.8/ 100 people per year; it is more common in pediatric age group and tends to occur more in male patients. It is considered the main cause of prescribing antibiotics in pediatrics. Physicians tend to over diagnose this disease leading to an unnecessary antibiotics prescription which exposes the child to an unwanted side effects mainly diarrhea. USA spends $2-3.5 billion per year for the treatment of AOM. Taking these points in our mind, it is important to know how to accurately diagnose this condition and how to treat it and what is the pathophysiology that underlies that disease, all of which are discussed in details in this review article.Methodology: a comprehensive review of the literature about AOM.Results: AOM is a result of different host, environmental, microbiological and genetic factors. It is highly related to upper respiratory infection and the disease is thought to be viral in origin with bacterial superinfection happens later on. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has the best link with AOM. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are still the most important pathogens. It is a symptomatic disease; Ear pain is the most important symptom, and bulging of the tympanic membrane is the most important sign that can lead to diagnosis. The American Academy of Pediatrics has put certain guidelines for the treatment of AOM. Prevetive measures play an important role in decreasing of its incidence. Conclusion:AOM has an impact on the child, family, and the community as a whole, in term of health and costs.

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Predominant Bacteria Detected from the Middle Ear Fluid of Children Experiencing Otitis Media: A Systematic Review

Cited by 192 publications

References 162 publications

Moraxella catarrhalis Might Be More Common than Expected in Acute Otitis Media in Young Finnish Children

Moraxella catarrhalis Might Be More Common than Expected in Acute Otitis Media in Young Finnish Children

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates in children with otitis media in Zamfara, North-Western Nigeria

Acute Otitis Media- An Update

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