Predisposing factors and control of bacterial mastitis in dairy ewes

Bramis, G.; Gelasakis, Athanasios Ι.; Kiossis, Evangelos; Banos, Georgios; Arsenos, G.

doi:10.12681/jhvms.15641

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(86 reference statements)

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“…Progression of clinical mastitis might be toxaemia and gangrenous necrosis of the udder ( Omaleki et al, 2011 ), which could result in a fatal event. Conversely, subclinical mastitis is characterized by inflammation of the udder that can be diagnosed only by enumeration of inflammatory cells in milk or inflammatory markers evaluation ( White & Hinckley, 1999 ; Olechnowicz & Jaśkowski, 2014 ; Addis et al, 2016 ; Bramis et al, 2016 ). Among the organisms associated with clinical mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus has been reported to be the most common in both meat and dairy ewes milk samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mannheimia haemolytica , Escherichia coli and various streptococci are other important causative organisms isolated from udder secretions ( Mørk et al, 2007 ; Smith et al, 2015 ; Arsenault et al, 2008 ; Dore et al, 2016 ). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most prevalent bacteria isolated in subclinical mastitis of sheep and goats ( Contreras et al, 2007 ; Ergün et al, 2009 ; Onni et al, 2010 ; Addis et al, 2016 ; Bramis et al, 2016 ; Dore et al, 2016 ), with a prevalence in dairy ewes ranging from 25 to 93%. On the contrary, they are less frequently observed in meat ewes (12–34%) ( Olechnowicz & Jaśkowski, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants

Spuria

Biasibetti

Bisanzio

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundHealth of mammary glands is fundamental for milk and dairy products hygiene and quality, with huge impacts on consumers welfare.MethodsThis study aims to investigate the microbial agents (bacteria, fungi and lentiviruses) isolated from 89 macroscopically healthy udders of regularly slaughtered small ruminants (41 sheep, 48 goats), also correlating their presence with the histological findings. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between lesions and positivity for different microbial isolates, animal age and bacteria.ResultsTwenty-five samples were microbiologically negative; 138 different bacteria were isolated in 64 positive udders. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria isolated (46.42%), followed by environmental opportunists (34.76%), others (10.14%) and pathogens (8.68%). Most mammary glands showed coinfections (75%). Lentiviruses were detected in 39.3% of samples. Histologically, chronic non-suppurative mastitis was observed in 45/89 glands, followed by chronic mixed mastitis (12/89) and acute suppurative mastitis (4/89). Only 28 udders were normal. Histological lesions were significantly associated with the animal species and lentiviruses and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Goats had significantly higher risk to show chronic mixed mastitis compared to sheep. Goats showed a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.26; 95% CI [0.06–0.71]) of being infected by environmental opportunists compared to sheep, but higher risk (OR = 10.87; 95% CI [3.69–37.77]) of being infected with lentiviruses.DiscussionThe results of the present study suggest that macroscopically healthy glands of small ruminants could act as a reservoir of microbial agents for susceptible animals, representing a potential risk factor for the widespread of acute or chronic infection in the flock.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants

Spuria

Biasibetti

Bisanzio

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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“…According to Bramis et al 13 the annual incidence of clinical mastitis in ewes is generally lower than 5%, but in some herds it can climb to the level of 30 -50%. In the case of subclinical mastitis, a prevalence ranging from 5% to 30% was detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control methods for reduction of mastitis in ewes caused by bacterial pathogens

Zig,

Ondrašovičová

2020

JDVAR

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Controlling the risk factors and eliminating the causative agents of mastitis is crucial for modern dairy sheep farms. The aim of this study was to analyze during two milking seasons the effect of proposed anti-mastitis measures focused on the reduction of mammary gland infection caused by bacterial pathogens in ewes. During the study, aseptic samples of foremilk were collected from 400 ewes three times: at the beginning (in May), in the middle (in July), and at the end (in October) of the lactation season. Totally, 2211 samples were examined over two years. Cytological and bacteriological analyses of samples were performed to evaluate the relationship between the implemented anti-mastitis measures and intramammary infections (IMI). In the 682 positive samples, the most prevalent mastitis agents detected during all examinations were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), 47.5% (n = 324 udder samples) with S. chromogenes, S. epidermidis, S. warneri and S. xylosus being the most-prevalent species. Other detected species were Staphylococcus aureus (27.4%) and Streptococcus sanguinis (15.1%), isolated mainly from clinical forms of mastitis. In the first season, due to application of antibiotic treatment to positive sheep, exclusion of chronically ill individuals from the herd and consistent implementation of the hygiene rules at milking, the prevalence of IMI was reduced by 45.2% to 30.5% in the period from May to October. In the second season, after the introduction of a complex of preventive measures consisting in examination of ewes after lambing and weaning, regular maintenance of hooves, replacement of bedding, ensuring adequate nutrition, adherence to a hygienic milking programme and rejection of positive ewes that did not respond to antibiotic treatment, the incidence of mastitis was reduced from 28.0% (in May) to 17.8% (in October). A comprehensive approach is inevitable for achieving an appropriate control and prevention of mastitis in dairy farming and for the production of high quality milk with maintenance of udder health.

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“…Indeed, supernumerary teat removal correlates with a reduced incidence of subclinical mastitis in Dutch dairy heifers, although this observation could point to wider management differences between farms implementing different removal policies, rather than necessarily reflecting a direct effect (Santman‐Berends et al ). In small ruminants, as in cattle, bacterial mastitis is a major health issue with welfare implications (Hughes & Watson, ), in both dairy sheep (Bramis et al ) and those used for meat production (Phythian et al ; Crump et al ; Phythian et al ). It has been suggested that poor udder conformation, including the presence of supernumerary teats, may also constitute a minor, but notable, risk factor for acquisition of new intramammary infections (Vasileiou et al ), potentially as an indirect effect due to impairment of lamb sucking and consequent inefficient removal of milk (Menzies & Ramanoon, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size of supernumerary teats in sheep correlates with complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment

et al. 2020

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Supernumerary nipples or teats (polythelia) are congenital accessory structures that may develop at any location along the milk line and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mastitis. We describe the anatomy and histology of 27 spontaneously occurring supernumerary teats from 16 sheep, delineating two groups of teats – simple and anatomically complex – according to the complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment. Anatomically complex supernumerary teats exhibited significantly increased length and barrel diameter compared with simple supernumerary teats. A teat canal and/or teat cistern was present in anatomically complex teats, with smooth muscle fibres forming a variably well‐organised encircling teat sphincter. Complex supernumerary teats also exhibited immune cell infiltrates similar to those of normal teats, including lymphoid follicle‐like structures at the folds of the teat cistern–teat canal junction, and macrophages that infiltrated the peri‐cisternal glandular tissue. One complex supernumerary teat exhibited teat end hyperkeratosis. These anatomical and histological features allow inference that supernumerary teats may be susceptible to bacterial ingress through the teat canal and we hypothesise that this may be more likely in those teats with less well‐organised encircling smooth muscle. The teat cistern of anatomically complex teats may also constitute a focus of milk accumulation and thus a possible nidus for bacterial infection, potentially predisposing to mastitis. We suggest that size of the supernumerary teat, and relationship to the main teats, particularly in the case of ‘cluster teats’, should be considerations if surgical removal is contemplated.

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Predisposing factors and control of bacterial mastitis in dairy ewes

Cited by 6 publications

References 59 publications

Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants

Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants

Control methods for reduction of mastitis in ewes caused by bacterial pathogens

Size of supernumerary teats in sheep correlates with complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment

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