Predictors of transitions from single to multiple job holding: Results of a longitudinal study among employees aged 45‐64 in the Netherlands

Bouwhuis, S.; Geuskens, G.; Boot, Cécile R. L.; Bongers, P.M.; Beek, Allard J. van der

doi:10.1002/ajim.22738

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Determinants of MJH may differ between workers in different age groups, and with different educational levels, and with different types of MJH, i.e. only jobs as an employee versus jobs as an employee as well as being self-employed [ 5 , 20 , 21 ]. Differences in determinants of MJH may be related to differences in reasons for MJH and experiences with MJH.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences with multiple job holding: a qualitative study among Dutch older workers

Bouwhuis¹,

Wind²,

Kruif³

et al. 2018

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundMultiple job holding (MJH) is a common and growing phenomenon in many countries. Little is known about experiences with MJH among older workers. The objective of the present study is to gain insight in experiences with MJH among Dutch workers aged 45 years and older.MethodsMultiple job holders were selected from the Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability, and Motivation (STREAM), a Dutch cohort study among persons aged 45 years and older. Purposive sampling was applied to assure heterogeneity regarding gender, educational level, health, financial situation, willingness to continue MJH, and type of MJH (only jobs as employee or also being self-employed). Interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Fifteen multiple job holders participated in this study (eight men, seven women). Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed, along with field notes, using thematic content analysis. The data were openly coded, after which codes were aggregated into themes, which formed a thematic map. In each phase of the analysis at least two researchers were involved to increase reliability.ResultsExperiences with MJH varied from positive to negative. They were influenced by characteristics of individual jobs, e.g. social support at work, as well as characteristics of the combination of jobs, e.g. positive spill-over effects, and conflicts between work schedules. The personal context of multiple job holders, e.g. their age, or reason for MJH, affected how work characteristics influenced experiences. Negative experiences with one job often coincided with negative experience in the other job(s), and problems in the personal context. Some multiple job holders were able to make changes to their situation when desired. For some, this was not possible, which augmented their negative experience.ConclusionsThis study adds to existing knowledge that experiences with MJH are not only influenced by work characteristics but also by the personal context of multiple job holders, and that some workers are able to change their situation when desired, while others are not. Future research should study how different combinations of work and personal characteristics influence sustainable employability of multiple job holders. Policies facilitating life-long learning could increase opportunities to change the MJH situation when desired.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences with multiple job holding: a qualitative study among Dutch older workers

Bouwhuis¹,

Wind²,

Kruif³

et al. 2018

BMC Public Health

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“…Previous research has shown that employees without a permanent contract are more likely to have multiple jobs (5,6). This, however, does not mean that multiple-job holding is equivalent to precarious employment.…”

Section: Letter To the Editormentioning

confidence: 96%

Multiple-job holding is not a type of precarious employment

Bouwhuis

Geuskens

Beek

et al. 2018

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…One explanation could be that health status is a predictor of MJH, rather than an outcome (Jamal et al 1998). Previous research using the same cohort, however, found that health status did not contribute to predicting transitions from single job holding to multiple job holding (Bouwhuis et al 2017b). However, that study did not distinguish between subgroups of multiple job holders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Distinguishing groups and exploring health differences among multiple job holders aged 45 years and older

Bouwhuis

Hoekstra

Bongers

et al. 2018

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose To identify distinct groups of older multiple job holders and to explore health differences between these groups. Methods We selected respondents from STREAM, a Dutch cohort study among persons aged 45 years and older, who reported having multiple jobs (N = 702). We applied latent class analysis to identify groups of multiple job holders. The association between these groups and health, measured with the SF-12, was studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally (1 year of follow-up), using linear regression analyses. Results Four groups of older multiple job holders were identified: (1) a vulnerable group (N = 145), who preferred having one job, and had jobs with high demands and low resources; (2) an indifferent group (N = 134), who did not experience many benefits or disadvantages of multiple job holding (MJH); (3) a satisfied hybrid group, who were all self-employed in their second job (N = 310); and (4) a satisfied combination group, who all had a second job as an employee (N = 113). Both the satisfied hybrid and satisfied combination groups preferred MJH and experienced benefits of it. At baseline, the vulnerable group experienced significantly lower physical and mental health than the other groups. We found no significant differences regarding changes in health after 1 year. Conclusions Four groups of older multiple job holders could be distinguished. The vulnerable group experienced lower physical and mental health at baseline than the other three groups. Policies and interventions supporting vulnerable multiple job holders may need to be developed. Future research is recommended to take heterogeneity among multiple job holders into account.

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Predictors of transitions from single to multiple job holding: Results of a longitudinal study among employees aged 45‐64 in the Netherlands

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Experiences with multiple job holding: a qualitative study among Dutch older workers

Experiences with multiple job holding: a qualitative study among Dutch older workers

Multiple-job holding is not a type of precarious employment

Distinguishing groups and exploring health differences among multiple job holders aged 45 years and older

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