Predictors of Three-Dimensional Breast Kinematics during Bare-Breasted Running

Wood, Louise; White, Jennifer; Milligan, Alexandra; Ayres, Bessie; Hedger, Wendy; Scurr, Joanna

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824bd62c

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…During physical activity, sports bra use and the perceived importance of wearing a sports bra was greater in participants with larger breasts compared to those with smaller breasts. Although research has identified that breast displacement increases as cup size increases (Wood et al, 2012), breast motion is not an issue that is one experienced by women with larger breasts. In unsupported A and B cup participants, more than 7 cm of vertical breast displacement has been observed (Lorentzen & Lawson, 1987).…”

Section: Importance and Use Of Sports Brasmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into breast support and sports bra use in female runners of the 2012 London Marathon

Brown

White

Brasher

et al. 2014

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Although it is acknowledged that appropriate breast support during exercise is important, no published literature has assessed breast support usage in a cohort of female marathon runners. This study aimed to identify sport bra use and perceived importance of sports bra use in female marathon runners. Bra satisfaction, incidence of bra related issues and factors that influence the appropriateness of sports bras were also investigated. A 4-part, 30-question survey was administered to 1397 female runners at the 2012 London marathon registration and via an online survey. In total 1285 surveys were completed. Sports bra use and its perceived importance was high, however was lower in moderate compared to vigorous activity, and lower in participants with smaller breasts. Seventy-five per cent of participants reported bra fit issues. The most common issues were chaffing and shoulder straps digging in, with a higher incidence of issues reported by participants with larger breasts. Use of professional bra fitting was low, and perceived knowledge of breast health was poor. Engagement with sports bra use is high although sports bra design could be improved to alleviate bra fit issues experienced by female runners. Educational initiatives are needed to ensure females are informed regarding the importance of breast support and appropriate bra fit during activity.

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Section: Importance and Use Of Sports Brasmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into breast support and sports bra use in female runners of the 2012 London Marathon

Brown

White

Brasher

et al. 2014

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…Shivitz 17 and White et al 18 found changes in ground reaction forces when the levels of breast support varied. Research has reported links between the magnitude of breast displacement and stride frequency and stride rate, while breast density, the angle of insertion of the breast, linear acceleration and centre of mass of the breast have also been shown to influence the forces acting on the breast 19,20 . However, it is unknown whether the influence of the breast on performance affects physical activity participation.…”

Section: The Breast and Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Breast on Physical Activity Participation in Females

Burnett

White

Scurr

2015

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

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“…When breast mass increased from 120 to 690 g, the vertical displacement of the bare breasts increased by nearly 100% (0.0435 to 0.0856 m) during treadmill running (Wood, et al, 2012). Female athletes with larger breast sizes (beginning at a 34 DD cup) bear approximately 1150 g on the thoracic segment (Tumer & Dujon, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of breast motion at different levels of support during physical activity

Wang

Kuo

et al. 2017

jhse

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Optical tracking systems have been used in previous studies to capture the motion of the nude breast and breasts in bras, under the assumption that no breast-bra relative movement occurred within the bra. This study compared breast and bra movement through electromagnetic tracking and optical tracking systems to determine the relative breast movement occurring with different breast support and exercise-induced breast discomfort. Total of 30 female participants (mean age: 21.5 ± 2.3 years; cup sizes: A-F) were recruited and their movement at four different levels of breast support was recorded in two motion capture systems for further analysis and comparison. Significant differences between bra and breast vertical displacement were found at all support levels during periods of intense movement (r = 0.556; p < 0.05). Because the greatest bra displacement was observed when participants wore an everyday bra and the greatest breast displacement was observed when participants wore a crop-top bra, there was evident inconsistency in bra and breast motion and a high-impact sports bra was the most effective to reduce breast movement and discomfort among the four types of bras. An electromagnetic tracking system provided direct observation of the actual movement of the breasts, and an optical tracking system enabled us to monitor bra displacement. Significant differences were observed in bra and breast displacement during the intense movements included in this study. The results bring into question the assumption made in previous studies that no relative movement occurs within a breast support garment.

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Predictors of Three-Dimensional Breast Kinematics during Bare-Breasted Running

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

An investigation into breast support and sports bra use in female runners of the 2012 London Marathon

An investigation into breast support and sports bra use in female runners of the 2012 London Marathon

The Influence of the Breast on Physical Activity Participation in Females

Comparison of breast motion at different levels of support during physical activity

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