“…The need has been explained by the relative ambiguity of fathers' ''job description'', as opposed to that of mothers, making fathers dependent on their wives to define and direct their fatherhood (Doherty et al, 1998;Madden-Derdich & Leonard, 2000). Support and affirmation by the children's mother may be particularly important after divorce, when the societal norms defining the parenting role of the non-residential, non-custodial father remain ambiguous (McKenry, Price, Fine, & Serovich, 1992;Seltzer, 1991) and when many non-custodial, non-residential fathers feel a sense of inadequacy, incompetence (Hetherington, Cox, & Cox, 1985;Kissman, 1997), and devaluation as parents (Jacob, 1983;Lehr & MacMillan, 2001;Minton & Pasley, 1996;Riessman, 1990;Umberson & Williams, 1993).…”