Predictors of HIV Disease Progression in Women

The epidemiology of the oral lesions of HIV infection in the developed world

“…Using a surveillance database in King's County, Washington State, Maden et al (1994) found that the risk of progression to an AIDS‐defining illness was higher in people with hairy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis and both of these than in those with other Class IV diagnoses. These and a number of other studies, all from before the widespread use of effective antiretroviral agents, have substantiated the hypothesis that these oral lesions place patients on the threshold of AIDS, in most cases even after controlling for CD4 count (Clark et al , 1995). The biological question that remains to be answered is, what are the underlying mucosal immunological defects that permit opportunistic colonization, reactivation or invasion by fungus or virus and lead to oral lesions?…”

Epidemiology of HIV‐related oral manifestations in women: a review

“…Fourteen studies with information on the prevalence of HIV-related oral manifestations in women were retrieved from the search. Three types of studies were found: (I) studies that targeted women exclusively, and in which the main outcome was HIV-related oral conditions (Wanzala et al, 1989;Shiboski et al, 1994;Wanzala and Pindborg, 1995;Schmidt-Westhausen et al, 1996;Wiltshire et al, 1996); (2) studies that targeted women and men, in which the main outcome was HIV-related oral conditions, but where the results were presented separately by gender (Critchlow et al, 1996;Nittayananta and Chungpanich, 1996;Ravina et al, 1996;Shiboski et al, 1996);and (3) studies that targeted women exclusively, in which the main outcome was the clinical spectrum of HIV-related diseases in women, and that included some oral conditions (limited to oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and herpes ulcers, or to oral candidiasis only) (Carpenter et al, 1991;Greenberg et al, 1992;Lindan et al, 1992;Manaloto et al, 1994;Clark et al, 1995). Studies on HIV-related oral manifestations which included women but did not present the findings separately by gender and are not included in the first part of this review but will be addressed later in the Discussion section.…”

Oral Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Positive Individuals: Review and Role of Mucosal Immunity

“…10,20 This is opposed to vaginal candidiasis, which despite some early uncontrolled studies to the contrary, is not more common in HIV-positive versus HIV-negative women. [23][24][25] OPC predominantly presents in two forms in the HIV-positive individual; erythematous and pseudomembranous. Erythematous candidiasis presents as red, atrophic patches on the tongue and palate (Fig.…”