Predictors of Elbow Torque Among Youth and Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

Okoroha, Kelechi R.; Lizzio, Vincent A.; Meta, Fabien; Ahmad, Christopher S.; Moutzouros, Vasilios; Makhni, Eric C.

doi:10.1177/0363546518770619

Cited by 61 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The sensor used in our studies has been validated against the gold-standard high-speed motion analysis 7 and found to be reliable for adolescent, collegiate, and professional athletes. 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 We have used this sensor in several recent studies to evaluate the biomechanical parameters associated with pitch type, 1 , 2 , 3 fatigue, 5 ball weight, 4 glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, 6 and partial effort pitching. 8 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our research group uses a sensor from MotusBaseball (Motus Global, Rockville Centre, NY) in studies involving wearable technology. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 The sensor has a gyrometer and accelerometer that allows it to measure various parameters of throwing motion, including medial elbow torque, arm slow, arm speed, and shoulder rotation. These measurements are transmitted via Bluetooth technology to a mobile phone application (motusTHROW, v.8.6.3, Motus Global) ( Fig 2 ).…”

Section: Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

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Using Wearable Technology to Evaluate the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Overhead Throwing Motion in Baseball Players

Lizzio

Cross

Guo

et al. 2020

Arthroscopy Techniques

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Recent advancements in wearable technology have made kinetic and kinematic analysis of the throwing motion more accessible to recreational and professional baseball pitchers. Utilization of wearable technology to monitor the pitching motion has several potential applications for injury prevention and postinjury rehabilitation. However, the device must be properly applied to collect meaningful data. Erratic or inconsistent measurements can be caused by inadequate battery charge, incorrect sensor placement, and inadvertent motion capture of fielding maneuvers or other nonpitching throws. These problems can be overcome with a protocol that includes collecting biomechanical data in real time and routinely checking the sensor position throughout the duration of the throwing session. In this article, we outline our protocol for collecting biomechanical data and troubleshooting suboptimal device function during pitching sessions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Using Wearable Technology to Evaluate the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Overhead Throwing Motion in Baseball Players

Lizzio

Cross

Guo

et al. 2020

Arthroscopy Techniques

Self Cite

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“…Chalmers et al, 5 in a retrospective study of 1327 professional pitchers, found that higher BMI significantly correlated with risk of need for UCLR. In 2018, Okoroha et al 14 found that increased BMI was a predictor of increased elbow torque, placing those pitchers at an increased risk for medial elbow injuries. In the same study however, the authors noted that an increasing size of a pitcher’s arm protected against elbow torque.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Performance After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: An Analysis of 88 Drafted Professional Baseball Pitchers With a Matched Comparison Cohort

Griffith

Duralde

2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:Analysis of pitchers entering the Major League Baseball (MLB) draft after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is challenging for team physicians.Purpose:(1) To define the characteristics of pitchers drafted after UCLR associated with placement in AAA and MLB professional levels and completion of a career of at least 3 years, (2) to define characteristics placing pitchers at risk for reinjury after surgery, (3) to compare the professional-level placement and career duration of the UCLR cohort with a matched control group, and (4) to evaluate the accuracy of team physician predraft risk assessments to predict elbow reinjury in pitchers with a history of UCLR.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:We analyzed pitchers from a single professional baseball team database who were drafted after UCLR from 2010 to 2013. A matched control group based on position and draft year was selected with the MLB database. The following pitcher characteristics were analyzed: age at the time of UCLR, time from UCLR to the MLB draft, pitching role (starter vs reliever), highest level of play attained, body mass index (BMI), throwing-side dominance, and predraft physician risk assessment. Physician assessments to predict risk for elbow reinjury were derived from operative and clinical history and evaluated for accuracy during the follow-up period. Pitcher characteristics were evaluated for correlation with successful AAA or MLB placement with a career duration of at least 3 years and as risk factors for elbow reinjury. The professional-level achievement and career duration of the UCLR cohort were compared with the matched cohort.Results:A total of 88 pitchers matched the selection criteria and had at least 5 years of follow-up (range, 5-8 years). Pitcher age at the time of UCLR (P = .55), throwing-side dominance (P = .41), and BMI (P = .86) did not correlate with AAA- or MLB-level placement. Relief pitchers (P = .03) and pitchers with a longer time from surgery to final follow-up (P = .02) were more likely to reach the AAA or MLB level. Similarly, pitcher age at the time of UCLR (P = .56), throwing-side dominance (P = .27), and BMI (P = .69) did not correlate with a duration of play of at least 3 years. Relief pitchers (P = .03) and pitchers with a longer time from UCLR to the final follow-up (P = .005) were more likely to achieve at least 3 years of play. There was no difference in AAA or MLB placement between the UCLR and matched cohorts (P = .22). The UCLR cohort achieved a higher duration of play than the matched cohort (P = .002). Pitchers with a BMI >25 kg/m2 had a lower risk of elbow reinjury versus players with a BMI ≤25 kg/m2 (P = .012). Patient age at time of UCLR (P = .92), time from UCLR to the MLB draft (P = .18), pitching role (P = .74), and throwing-side dominance (P = .77) did not correlate with elbow reinjury. Physician risk assessment did not accurately predict reinjury (P = .27). Of the 88 patients, 4 (4.5%) required revision UCLR.Conclusion:Pitcher age at the time of UCLR, throwi...

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“…The involvement of swift motion during throwing action in baseball makes its analysis a challenging task. When a ball is thrown by a player, a compressive force is produced at their shoulder and elbow [2][3][4]. As a greater force is involved in throwing a ball, it is Sensors 2020, 20, 1344 2 of 18 to be noted that inappropriate throwing actions often result in long-term soreness of the shoulders and elbows and even lead to serious injuries to the human body [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few action recognition studies were focused mainly on the field of baseball, and in these studies, the motion involved during pitching is evaluated. For instance, Okoroha et al conducted a study to assess predictors of torque across the medial elbow in youth and adolescent pitchers with a mobile sensor [2] and Makhni et al carried out a study to determine the differences in torque across pitch types and thrower demographic characteristics [20]. The relationship between elbow varus torque and arm slot and arm rotation in professional baseball pitchers was studied by Camp et al [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time Wearable Assist System for Upper Extremity Throwing Action Based on Accelerometers

Lian

Hsu

Balram

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This paper focuses on the development of a real-time wearable assist system for upper extremity throwing action based on the accelerometers of inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. This real-time assist system can be utilized to the learning, rectification, and rehabilitation for the upper extremity throwing action of players in the field of baseball, where incorrect throwing phases are recognized by a delicate action analysis. The throwing action includes not only the posture characteristics of each phase, but also the transition of continuous posture movements, which is more complex when compared to general action recognition with no continuous phase change. In this work, we have considered six serial phases including wind-up, stride, arm cocking, arm acceleration, arm deceleration, and follow-through in the throwing action recognition process. The continuous movement of each phase of the throwing action is represented by a one-dimensional data sequence after the three-axial acceleration signals are processed by efficient noise filtering based on Kalman filter followed by conversion processes such as leveling and labeling techniques. The longest common subsequence (LCS) method is then used to determine the six serial phases of the throwing action by verifying the sequence data with a sample sequence. We have incorporated various intelligent action recognition functions including automatic recognition for getting ready status, starting movement, handle interrupt situation, and detailed posture transition in the proposed assist system. Moreover, a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel and mobile interface are incorporated into the developed assist system to make it more user-friendly. The real-time system provides precise comments to assist players to attain improved throwing action by analyzing their posture during throwing action. Various experiments were conducted to analyze the efficiency and practicality of the developed assist system as part of this work. We have obtained an average percentage accuracy of 95.14%, 91.42%, and 95.14%, respectively, for all the three users considered in this study. We were able to successfully recognize the throwing action with good precision and the high percentage accuracy exhibited by the proposed assist system indicates its excellent performance.Sensors 2020, 20, 1344 4 of 18 embedded system, and a device holster. The user can replace the battery in the future if it gets drained and also easily adjust the learning mode accordingly.

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Predictors of Elbow Torque Among Youth and Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

Abstract: These findings may inform future pitching recommendations with intentions of curtailing medial elbow injuries experienced by young pitchers, such as ulnar collateral ligament injuries.

Cited by 61 publications

References 22 publications

Using Wearable Technology to Evaluate the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Overhead Throwing Motion in Baseball Players

Using Wearable Technology to Evaluate the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Overhead Throwing Motion in Baseball Players

Successful Performance After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: An Analysis of 88 Drafted Professional Baseball Pitchers With a Matched Comparison Cohort

A Real-Time Wearable Assist System for Upper Extremity Throwing Action Based on Accelerometers

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