Predictors of blood lead concentrations in the lead-free gasoline era

Nielsen, Julius; Grandjean, Philippe; Jørgensen, Poul J.

doi:10.5271/sjweh.293

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It has been hypothesized that increased bone resorption attributable to estrogen decline at menopause will result in bone lead release into the blood. Indirect support for this hypothesis has come from observational studies' findings of higher blood lead levels in post-than in premenopausal women (10,(29)(30)(31) and lower blood lead levels in postmenopausal women taking estrogen than in those not taking estrogen (24). Similarly, in our data, postmenopausal women who were not taking estrogens had higher blood lead levels than did either premenopausal women or postmenopausal women who were using estrogens (tables 2 and 3).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…For example, most (90 percent) of the women were nonsmokers at the time of the study. Consistent with this risk profile, blood lead levels in the study population were lower than levels observed in most other populations of women evaluated for risk factors associated with increased blood lead, for whom mean blood lead levels have ranged from approximately 3 to 12 µg/dl (10,14,24,29,31).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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Correlates of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Middle-aged and Elderly Women

Korrick¹,

Schwartz²,

Tsaih³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Epidemiology

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In 1993-1995, the authors evaluated risk factors for elevated blood and bone lead levels in 264 Boston, Massachusetts, area women previously selected for a case-control study of lead and hypertension. Bone lead was measured at the tibia and patella with K x-ray fluorescence. Blood lead was analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption. Participants were aged 46-74 years and had mean lead levels of 3 (standard deviation, 2) micro g/dl (blood), 13 (standard deviation, 9) micro g/g (tibia), and 17 (standard deviation, 11) micro g/g (patella). In multivariate linear regression models, use of postmenopausal estrogen (inverse) and alcohol intake (positive) were significantly associated with blood lead levels. Both bone lead measures were significantly and positively associated with blood lead but only among postmenopausal women not using estrogen; for example, an increase from the first to the fifth quintile of tibia lead level (19 micro g/g) was associated with a 1.7- micro g/dl increase in blood lead (p = 0.0001) in this group. Older age and lower parity were associated with higher tibia lead; only age was associated with patella lead. The observed interaction of bone lead with estrogen status in determining blood lead supports the hypothesis that increased bone resorption, as occurs postmenopausally because of decreased estrogen production, results in heightened release of bone lead stores into blood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Correlates of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Middle-aged and Elderly Women

Korrick¹,

Schwartz²,

Tsaih³

et al. 2002

American Journal of Epidemiology

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“…This is supported by the finding that the atmospheric lead concentration at Station Nord in remote northeast Greenland showed no change from 1990 to 2001 (Heidam et al 2004), whereas it has declined by about a factor of 10 in Copenhagen (Kemp and Palmgren 2002). Also, the lead concentration in the air in Greenland is approximately 10 times lower than in Denmark, whereas the blood lead concentration is lower in Denmark than in Greenland (Nielsen et al 1998). Considering that the lead concentration would be diluted during long-range transport, it seems unlikely that such lead could be significant as a direct source when breathing the air in Greenland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Lead Sources in Human Diet in Greenland

Bjerregaard

Johansen²,

Mulvad

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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Although blood lead levels have declined in Greenland, they are still elevated despite the fact that lead levels in the Greenland environment are very low. Fragments of lead shot in game birds have been suggested as an important source of dietary exposure, and meals of sea birds, particularly eider, contain high concentrations of lead. In a cross-sectional population survey in Greenland in 1993–1994, blood lead adjusted for age and sex was found to be associated with the reported consumption of sea birds. Participants reporting less than weekly intake of sea birds had blood lead concentrations of approximately 75 μg/L, whereas those who reported eating sea birds several times a week had concentrations of approximately 110 μg/L, and those who reported daily intake had concentrations of 170 μg/L (p = 0.01). Blood lead was not associated with dietary exposure to other local or imported food items.

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“…B-Pb levels were reported for different WHO regions. For WHO region A – of which Belgium is part of – data from Denmark [32], France [33], Germany [34], Greece [35], Israel [36], and Sweden [37] were used. The geometric mean B-Pb in children was 35 μg/L, while 37 μg/L in adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligence gain and social cost savings attributable to environmental lead exposure reduction strategies since the year 2000 in Flanders, Belgium

et al. 2019

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BackgroundRecent lead (Pb) exposure reduction strategies enabled to lower children’s blood lead levels (B-Pb) worldwide. This study reports the estimated intelligence gain and social cost savings attributable to recent exposure reduction based on reported B-Pb levels observed in adolescents sampled within the framework of the Flemish Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS, Belgium), i.e. in 2003–2004 (FLEHSI), in 2008–2009 (FLEHSII), and in 2013–2014 (FLEHSIII).MethodsIntelligence Quotient (IQ) loss per 100,000 individuals - attributable to B-Pb above 20 μg/L - was estimated based on widely accepted dose response functions between children’s B-Pb and IQ (− 1.88 IQ points for a duplication in B-Pb from 20 μg/L onwards; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): − 1.16;-2.59) and B-Pb exposure distribution parameters of FLEHS studies. The results were translated to the Flemish population of 15-year-olds. Given a 3-year time gap between subsequent sampling periods, the exposure distribution of each study was assumed 3 years prior to the study as well. Economic impact was estimated based on expected decrease in lifetime earnings (€ 19,464 per decreasing IQ point in 2018).ResultsThe percentage of the adolescent population exceeding a B-Pb of 20 μg/L decreased from 57% (FLEHSI) to 23% (FLEHSII), and even further to 2.5% (FLEHSIII). The estimated IQ loss per 100,000 individuals was 94,280 (95% CI: 58,427-130,138) in FLEHSI, 14,993 (95% CI: 9289-20,695) in FLEHSII, and 976 (95% CI: 604–1347) in FLEHSIII. This translates into a total loss of 378,962 (95%CI: 234,840-523,091) IQ points within the Flemish population of 15-year-olds between 2000 and 2014. Assuming that current exposure levels do not reincrease, the expected IQ loss during the subsequent period of 15 years is estimated to be maximally 10,275 (95%CI: 6363-14,182) points.Conclusions7176 (95%CI: 4447-9905) million € of social cost savings were achieved by Pb reduction strategies in Flanders over 15 years. If current exposure levels further reduce to B-Pb below 20 μg/L for the whole population, social cost savings may increase up to 7376 (95%CI: 4571-10,181) million €. Given the relatively low lead contamination in Flanders, the global impact of ongoing reduction strategies is expected to be tremendous.

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Predictors of blood lead concentrations in the lead-free gasoline era

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Correlates of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Middle-aged and Elderly Women

Correlates of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Middle-aged and Elderly Women

Lead Sources in Human Diet in Greenland

Intelligence gain and social cost savings attributable to environmental lead exposure reduction strategies since the year 2000 in Flanders, Belgium

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