Predictors of angiographic resolution in patients with presumed reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

Abstract

Introduction Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome is a complex neurovascular syndrome that presents with varying neurological deficits as well as segmental vasoconstriction of the small and medium cerebral arteries. There is limited literature on pathologies that mimic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, so this study aims to understand what factors may impact the angiographic confirmation of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome on follow-up and play a role in establishing the diagnosis. Methods The Clinical Research Data Warehouse at this institution was employed to search the medical records for patients with diagnosis and treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome between January 2010 and May 2021. After screening, 32 patients met the inclusion criteria for a presumed diagnosis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with both angiography on presentation and at three-month follow-up after treatment. Patients were divided into two categories: those with complete angiographic resolution, versus partial or no improvement on follow-up. Clinical and radiographic data were analyzed. Results Patients who had partial or no resolution were more likely to have a history of hypertension ( p = 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure on admission ( p = 0.047), and present with a recurrent thunderclap headache ( p = 0.038). Binary logistic regression selected for hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 18.35 [95% CI, 1.37–245.1]) as predictive of not having reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, as can be seen by partial or no resolution on follow-up angiography ( p = 0.028). Conclusion Complete resolution on follow-up angiography is a distinguishing factor of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Our analysis revealed that a history of hypertension is the most significant predictor of confirming that a patient may not have reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. This is due, in part, to increased atherosclerotic or hypertensive cerebral arterial changes, which can mimic reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and present as partial or no resolution on angiography.