Predictors of Airborne Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Total Organic Matter among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers and Influence of Work Conditions and Practices

Cavallari, Jennifer M.; Osborn, Linda V.; Snawder, John E.; Kriech, Anthony J.; Olsen, Larry D.; Herrick, Robert F.; McClean, Michael D.

doi:10.1093/annhyg/mer088

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, because of the variability of the results and that arithmetic means are more influenced by variability in the data than median values, analysis of median values and arithmetic mean values resulted in different conclusions regarding exposure reductions, emphasizing the importance of the statistically modeled data as reported by Cavallari et al (4) In addition to looking at the highest points, we looked at all data above the 90th percentile. Using a dieselpowered screed, using diesel oil, higher HMA paving application temperatures, maintenance work, and sweeping appeared to explain these results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(14) Cavallari et.al, (4) have provided multivariate linear mixed effects models to identify predictors of inhalation exposure from this research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cases where the arithmetic mean field blank was statistically significantly different from zero, blank correction was performed. Full details of blank correction and LOD determination are provided in Cavallari et al (4) and Kriech et al (14) Background samples were collected to understand the potential for environmental contributions; they were not used to correct sample data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Companion publications using multivariate linear mixed effects models have identified both the use of diesel oil and HMA paving application temperature as determinants of airborne exposure, (4) dermal exposure, (5) and levels of urinary PAC metabolites. (6) Use of diesel oil as a releasing/cleaning agent for the beds of dump trucks carrying HMA to the work site was largely discontinued years ago, because the diesel oil can easily solubilize asphalt causing flushed spots in the pavement that can negatively affect the quality of the finished mat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personal Breathing Zone Exposures among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers; Preliminary Analysis for Trends and Analysis of Work Practices That Resulted in the Highest Exposure Concentrations

Osborn¹,

Snawder

Kriech³

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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An exposure assessment of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) paving workers was conducted to determine which of four exposure scenarios impacted worker exposure and dose. Goals of this report are to present the personal-breathing zone (PBZ) data, discuss the impact of substituting the releasing/ cleaning agent, and discuss work practices that resulted in the highest exposure concentration for each analyte.One-hundred-seven PBZ samples were collected from HMA paving workers on days when diesel oil was used as a releasing/cleaning agent. An additional 36 PBZ samples were collected on days when B-100 (100% biodiesel, containing no petroleum-derived products) was used as a substitute releasing/cleaning agent. Twenty-four PBZ samples were collected from a reference group of concrete workers, who also worked in outdoor construction but had no exposure to asphalt emissions. Background and field blank samples were also collected daily. Total particulates and the benzene soluble fraction were determined gravimetrically. Total organic matter was determined using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection and provided qualitative information about other exposure sources contributing to worker exposure besides Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript asphalt emissions. Thirty-three individual polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were determined using GC with time-offlight mass spectrometry; results were presented as either the concentration of an individual PAC or a summation of the individual PACs containing either 2-to 3-rings or 4-to 6-rings. Samples were also screened for PACs containing 4-to 6-rings using fluorescence spectroscopy.Arithmetic means, medians, and box plots of the PBZ data were used to evaluate trends in the data. Box plots illustrating the diesel oil results were more variable than the B-100. Also, the highest diesel oil results were much higher in concentration than the highest B-100 results. An analysis of the highest exposure results and field notes revealed a probable association between these exposures and the use of diesel oil, use of a diesel-powered screed, elevated HMA paving application temperatures, lubricating and working on broken-down equipment, and operation of a broom machine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(14) Cavallari et.al, (4) have provided multivariate linear mixed effects models to identify predictors of inhalation exposure from this research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Personal Breathing Zone Exposures among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers; Preliminary Analysis for Trends and Analysis of Work Practices That Resulted in the Highest Exposure Concentrations

Osborn¹,

Snawder

Kriech³

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…However, lower temperature dependencies have been shown for tar-contaminated binders (Hugener et al, 2007). Evident temperature dependency has been found also in occupational exposure (Cavallari et al, 2012).…”

Section: Fumesmentioning

confidence: 98%

ENCORT-CDW - Evaluation of the European recovery target for construction and demolition waste

Arm¹,

Wik²,

Engelse³

et al. 2014

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Bitumen (Dampf und Aerosol bei der Heißverarbeitung) [MAK value documentation in German language, 2019]

Hartwig

Arand

2019

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the classification of bitumen [ 8052‐42‐4 ; 64741‐56‐6 ; 64742‐93‐4 ] in Carcinogen Category 2 considering all toxicological endpoints. New data allowed a separate assessment of the harmful properties of vapours and aerosols from high‐temperature processing of two bitumen groups. Straight‐Run and Air‐Rectified Bitumen For the derivation of a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), a 2‐year inhalation study in rats exposed to vapours and aerosols from a mixture of straight‐run and air‐rectified bitumen is used. Due to an increased incidence of bronchioalveolar hyperplasia in the lungs and of inflammatory cells in the nasal epithelium, the study resulted in a NOAEC of 6 mg/m 3 . Taking into account the extrapolation from an animal study and the increased respiratory volume at the workplace compared with the exposure of the animals at rest, a MAK value of 1.5 mg/m 3 (sum of vapour and inhalable fraction) is derived for straight‐run and air‐rectified bitumen based on bitumen condensate standard. The MAK value is one‐third of the mean concentration at which three out of 12 inflammation markers are elevated in the sputum of exposed workers. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is unclear and the margin to the MAK value is considered sufficient. The effects on the lung is the most sensitive endpoint, so vapours and aerosols of bitumen are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 2. All in all, the investigated straight‐run and air‐rectified bitumens did not exhibit distinct genotoxic or carcinogenic properties. However, due to the wide range in the chemical composition, harmful emissions of carcinogenic and mutagenic substances during high‐temperature processing cannot be completely excluded. Therefore, vapours and aerosols of straight‐run and air‐rectified bitumens, as commonly used in road paving, are regarded as suspicious carcinogens and classified in Carcinogen Category 3 B. As no data are available for developmental toxicity they are assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the “H” notation is confirmed. Sensitization is not expected from the available data. Oxidized Bitumen There are no inhalation studies available for evaluation of the carcinogenicity of oxidized bitumen (“Roofing Bitumen”). The new animal studies published since 2001 and most of the previous studies show the carcinogenicity of condensates of vapours and aerosols of oxidized bitumens in skin painting studies in mice, so that a significant number of tested oxidized bitumens must be considered carcinogenic. The positive animal experiments on the carcinogenicity are consistent with the results of a genotoxicity study in roofing workers with increased DNA strand break rates. Vapours and aerosols of oxidized bitumen are classified in Carcinogen Category 2. A MAK value could not be derived. Mutations in bacteria and higher levels of benzo[a]pyrene in oxidized bitumen condensates compared to those of straight‐run and air‐rectified bitumen and the systemic availability of inhaled vapours and aerosols of oxidized bitumen support suspicion of germ cell mutagenicity. Therefore, vapours and aerosols of oxidized bitumen are classified in Category 3 B for germ cell mutagens. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and the “H” notation is confirmed. Sensitization is not expected from the available data.

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Predictors of Airborne Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Total Organic Matter among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers and Influence of Work Conditions and Practices

Abstract: Promising strategies for reducing airborne exposures to PACs among HMA paving workers include substituting biodiesel for diesel oil as a cleaning agent and decreasing the HMA application temperature.

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Personal Breathing Zone Exposures among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers; Preliminary Analysis for Trends and Analysis of Work Practices That Resulted in the Highest Exposure Concentrations

Personal Breathing Zone Exposures among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers; Preliminary Analysis for Trends and Analysis of Work Practices That Resulted in the Highest Exposure Concentrations

ENCORT-CDW - Evaluation of the European recovery target for construction and demolition waste

Bitumen (Dampf und Aerosol bei der Heißverarbeitung) [MAK value documentation in German language, 2019]

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