Predictive validity of explicit and implicit threat overestimation in contamination fear

Green, Jennifer S.; Teachman, Bethany A.

doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.09.002

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The limited evidence of an involvement of implicit processes is similar to the finding by Green and Teachman (2013) that implicit threat overestimation was only marginally related to behavioural avoidance, while explicit threat overestimation significantly predicted subjective distress and contamination-fear symptoms. However, it is inconsistent with other findings that only examined the role of implicit factors (Nicholson & Barnes-Holmes, 2012; Nicholson et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The issue of shared method variance needs to be acknowledged between the selfreport questionnaires of disgust and threat overestimation, and the self-report nature of subjective contamination fear and contamination-fear OC tendencies. This issue was also raised by Green and Teachman (2013) and deemed not to be a concern in their study. Similarly, in the current study, given the differential involvement of explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation depending on the contaminant, and their prediction of behavioural avoidance, which does not rely on self-report, it is unlikely that shared method variance explains the strong predictive value of these explicit measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Using this same paradigm, it was also found that implicit threat overestimation was related to contamination-related OC tendencies and avoidance behaviour (Nicholson, Dempsey, & Barnes-Holmes, 2014). However, another study, which measured implicit threat overestimation using the Brief-Implicit Association Test and also included explicit measures of threat overestimation, found that the explicit measures were stronger predictors of contamination aversion on a number of aspects, while implicit measures were found to have minimal input (Green & Teachman, 2013). Although there may be some evidence of the role of implicit processes of disgust and threat overestimation, this is not consistent, and further research is needed to understand the differential involvement of implicit and explicit processes of disgust and threat overestimation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018

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Explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation have consistently been found to be involved in contamination aversion. However, evidence of the involvement of these factors at the implicit level is mixed, and the role of both responses has not been looked at concurrently. This study aimed to compare the ability of implicit and explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation to predict contamination aversion and whether this depends on the type of contaminant. Sixty-five participants completed explicit and implicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation, as well as several measures of contamination aversion, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and contamination fear and avoidance of contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) and harmful substances (harm contaminants). It was found that both explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination-fear obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Explicit disgust predicted contamination fear and avoidance of direct contaminants, whereas explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination fear and avoidance of harm contaminants. The involvement of implicit processes was weak, with some suggestion of difficulty disengaging predicting avoidance of contaminants. Implications for understanding dysfunctional contamination aversion are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018

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“…However, other research has not found the anticipated between-group effects on implicit measures of OC-relevant cognition (e.g., self + aggression: Cludius et al 2017) or relationships between self-reported symptoms and implicit measures (e.g., self + immoral, self + dangerous, unwanted thoughts + important: Teachman & Clerkin 2007, Teachman et al 2006. Interestingly, studies using implicit measures other than the IAT to evaluate OC-relevant cognition have been more successful at confirming hypotheses (e.g., Brief IAT: Green & Teachman 2013). Research with other non-IAT paradigms suggests that implicit OC-relevant cognition is likely associated with a range of OC-relevant variables, including scrupulosity (GNAT associations: Pirutinsky et al 2015), excessive responsibility and overestimation of threat (IRAP: Nicholson et al 2013), and contamination fear and avoidance behavior (IRAP: Nicholson et al 2014).…”

Section: Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Empirical Evidencementioning

confidence: 98%

Implicit Cognition and Psychopathology: Looking Back and Looking Forward

Teachman

Clerkin

Cunningham

et al. 2019

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.

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Implicit cognitive processing is theorized to have a central role in many forms of psychopathology. In the current review, we focus on implicit associations, by which we mean evaluative representations in memory that are difficult to control and do not require conscious reflection to influence affect, cognition, or behavior. We consider definitional and measurement challenges before examining recent empirical evidence for these associations in anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, posttraumatic stress, depressive, and alcohol use disorders. This examination is framed by a brief review of the ways that prominent models of psychopathology represent biased implicit processing of disorder-relevant information. We consider to what extent models reflect more traditional automatic/implicit versus strategic/explicit dual-process perspectives or reflect more recent dynamical systems perspectives in which mental representations are iteratively reprocessed, evolving continuously. Finally, we consider the future research needed to better understand the interactive and temporal dynamics of implicit cognition in psychopathology.

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“…A great number of previous studies indicate that negative emotionality, maladaptive cognitive style, and low levels of optimism are associated with the risks of negative psychological impacts [ 9 , 19 , 20 ]. People who overestimate threats or lack tolerance of uncertainty in pandemics can become highly worried and anxious during pandemics [ 21 ]. Perception of stress and helplessness arising from the stressful situations of the epidemic could have direct effects on the mental health of individuals and lead to prevalence of depression and anxiety [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Psychological-Behavioral Responses Among the General Public in China During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Study

Zhang¹,

Yang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

J Med Internet Res

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has recently spread dramatically worldwide, raising considerable concerns and resulting in detrimental effects on the psychological health of people who are vulnerable to the disease. Therefore, assessment of depression in members of the general public and their psychological and behavioral responses is essential for the maintenance of health. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and the associated factors among the general public during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Methods A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted from February 11 to 16, 2020, in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. A self-administrated smartphone questionnaire based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and psychological and behavioral responses was distributed to the general public. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the associated factors of depression.aA cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted from February 11 to 16, 2020, in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. A self-administrated smartphone questionnaire based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and psychological and behavioral responses was distributed to the general public. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the associated factors of depression. Results The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9 score ≥10) among the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic was 182/1342 (13.6%). Regression analysis indicated that feeling stressed, feeling helpless, persistently being worried even with support, never feeling clean after disinfecting, scrubbing hands and items repeatedly, hoarding food, medicine, or daily supplies, and being distracted from work or study were positively associated with depression, while social support and being calm were negatively associated with depression. Conclusions The general public suffered from high levels of depression during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, COVID-19–related mood management and social support should be provided to attenuate depression in the general public.

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Predictive validity of explicit and implicit threat overestimation in contamination fear

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

Implicit Cognition and Psychopathology: Looking Back and Looking Forward

Depression and Psychological-Behavioral Responses Among the General Public in China During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Study

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