Predictive Supervised Machine Learning Models for Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, especially in developed nations. In recent years, it has become rampant in the developing nations such as Nigeria, posing more threats to individuals in the latter than those in the former. More than 415 million people were reported to suffer from DM worldwide as of 2015, with type 2 of the disease accounting for approximately 90% of the cases. The number of people with DM is expected to rise to 592 million by the year 2035. Therefore, DM is one of the growing public health concerns in Nigeria. In this study, the diagnostic dataset of DM type 2 was collected from the Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, and used to develop predictive supervised machine learning models based on logistic regression, support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, random forest, naive Bayes and gradient booting algorithms. The random forest predictive learning-based model appeared to be one of the best developed models with 88.76% in terms of accuracy; however, in terms of receiver operating characteristic curve, random forest and gradient booting predictive learning-based models were found to be the best predictive learning models with 86.28% predictive ability, respectively. Keywords Machine learning • Predictive model • Diabetes mellitus • Diabetes mellitus type 2 • Random forest This article is part of the topical collection "Advances in Computational Approaches for Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing, IoT and Cloud Applications" guest edited by Bhanu Prakash K N and M. Shivakumar".

Supervised Machine Learning Models for Prediction of COVID-19 Infection using Epidemiology Dataset

“…The accuracy evaluation metric shows the percentage of the dataset instances correctly predicted by the model developed by the machine learning algorithm [28]. The accuracy is expressed in the equation below (7).…”

“…The virus originated in the state of Wuhan, China in late December 2019, with evidence that the virus was first detected in bats and get to humans via intermediary hosts such as raccoon or dog and palm civets [21,30,32]. Coronaviruses (CoVs) including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cause various diseases in mammals and birds from enteritis in pigs and cattle, chickens and cattle [17,28,51]. When the virus was first detected, the Chinese Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia noted that COVID-19 could be detected without positive results of SARS-CoV-2 acid tests using three methods: (1) a positive chest CT scan; (2) significant clinical manifestations include pyrexia (cough), cough, shortness of breath and other indications of lower respiratory tract infection; and (3) laboratory results showing lymphopenia and (optional) leucopenia [46,47].…”

“…Significant symptoms of COVID-19 fever (98%), cough (76%), and diarrhea (3%), which are often more severe in older adults with chronic illnesses [45], and many patients have noted shortness of breath which in many instances appears to be a symptom of the flu [16], 2019-nCoV is spreading exponentially across the globe since it was first recognized in late, 2019 [24,28]. The pandemic has affected nearly two international conveyance and more than 209 nations and territories around the world [24,25].…”

“…to analyze data and extracting useful and novel knowledge or hidden patterns or information from past experiences [50]. The next step is the performance evaluation of the models and finally is model optimization improving the model using new dataset and rules [28]. ML Techniques are being used in a variety of areas such as medicine, engineering, education, manufacturing and production, forecast, traffic management and robot among others [50].…”

Fuzzy based expert system for diagnosis of coronary artery disease in nigeria

“…Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the disease caused by vascular stenosis that supplies oxygenated blood to humans' heart which results in severe heart problems such as angina and heart attack [10,11]. CAD is one of the largest killers in developed countries including Nigeria killing more than 7.4 million people around the world in 2012 and 53,836 persons as of 2014 in Nigeria [20,21]. It is also estimated that 1 in 7 people in the United States has CAD [3].…”