Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment

Pack, Seung Woo; Jung, Mi-Hee; Song, Hao; Kim, Sang Hyo; Ann, Ki Yong

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.023

Cited by 230 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The calculation is simple and convenient and, in addition, the values of parameters C s and D a can be easily estimated from experimental or field data using regression analysis. However, this model has limitations when applied to concrete [13][14][15] and a number of modifications have been proposed to account for the time-dependency of these parameters through aging factors, some of which are presented in Table 1 [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. As the factors applied on C s and D a , are determined empirically they can vary within wide limits [25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Empirical (Fickian) Model Based On the Erfc Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Kim

McCarter

Suryanto

et al. 2016

Cement and Concrete Composites

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIn establishing the reliability of performance-related design methods for concrete -which are relevant for resistance against chloride-induced corrosion -long-term experience of local materials and practices and detailed knowledge of the ambient and local micro-climate are critical. Furthermore, in the development of analytical models for performance-based design, calibration against test data representative of actual conditions in practice is required. To this end, the current study presents results from full-scale, concrete pier-stems under long-term exposure to a marine environment with work focussing on XS2 (below mid-tide level) in which the concrete is regarded as fully saturated and XS3 (tidal, splash and spray) in which the concrete is in an unsaturated condition. These exposures represent zones where concrete structures are most susceptible to ionic ingress and deterioration. Chloride profiles and chloride transport behaviour are studied using both an empirical model (erfc function) and a physical model (ClinConc). The time dependency of surface chloride concentration (C s ) and apparent diffusivity (D a ) were established for the empirical model whereas, in the ClinConc model (originally based on saturated concrete), two new environmental factors were introduced for the XS3 environmental exposure zone. Although the XS3 is considered as one environmental exposure zone according to BS EN 206-1:2013, the work has highlighted that even within this zone, significant changes in chloride ingress are evident. This study aims to update the parameters of both models for predicting the long term transport behaviour of concrete subjected to environmental exposure classes XS2 and XS3.Keywords: concrete, full-scale testing, marine environment, modelling, durability, IntroductionThe most predominant process associated with reinforced concrete deterioration is the ingress of water contaminated with chloride either from deicing salt used for snow and ice control on roads for winter maintenance purposes or from the marine environment where, for example, bridges span tidal estuaries. Because the use of deicing salt is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, and concrete structures will always be placed in, or near, the marine environment, little can be done to prevent structures from being exposed to chloride salts.The premature deterioration of concrete structures due to chloride ingress and subsequent corrosion of the steel reinforcement is a world-wide problem and imparts a significant drain...

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Section: Empirical (Fickian) Model Based On the Erfc Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Kim

McCarter

Suryanto

et al. 2016

Cement and Concrete Composites

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“…This might be due to lower density of GGBS mortar at same unit mass of binder applied as compared with OPC mortar. Moreover, the latent hydration in GGBS gives rise to lower connectivity of pore network for effective diffusion path [13], which is more dominant in the case of higher GGBS replacement.…”

Section: Determination Of Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Corrosion-Free Life for Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag under a Chloride-Bearing Environment

Hong

Ann

2017

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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The rate of chloride transport by diffusion in concrete containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was mathematically estimated to predict the corrosion-free service life of concrete structures exposed to seawater environment. As a factor to corrosiveness of steel embedment, replacement ratio of GGBS was selected, accounting for 25 and 50% to total binder. As a result, it was found that an increase in the GGBS content resulted in an increase in the chloride binding capacity, which would give rise to a lower chloride diffusion rate, thereby reducing the risk of chloride-induced corrosion. When it comes to the sensitivity of parameters to service life, the effective diffusivity showed a marginal influence on serviceability, irrespective of GGBS contents while surface chloride content and critical threshold concentration revealed more crucial factors to long term chloride diffusion. As the GGBS replacement increased, the variation in service life has become less influential with changing parameters. Substantially, GGBS concrete at high replacement ratio enhanced the service life due to a combination of dense pore structure and enhanced chloride binding capacity.

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“…The cover depth, diffusion coefficient, and critical chloride content with each random variable (i.e., mean, Coefficient of Variation COV) are usually adopted for the evaluation of failure probability [51][52][53][54]. Currently, several actual durability designs have been attempted for large RC structures; however, this process has not been widely performed [55,56].…”

Section: Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends of Durability Design and Government Support in South Korea: Chloride Attack

Kwon

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:Concrete is considered to be a construction material with high durability and excellent fire resistance. However, degradation occurs, leading to structural safety problems and expensive maintenance costs. Currently, durability design and its concepts are provided in the concrete specifications and structural design codes in many countries, but they vary in terms of the design methodologies and users' demands. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures based on a reasonable durability design with a quantitative procedure can prevent unnecessary maintenance expenses and reduce environmental loads. This paper presents the current trends of durability design in South Korea and government support for infrastructure. In this work, the two representative durability design philosophies (deterministic and probabilistic approaches) are briefly summarized, and the current guidelines and related requirements for durability design in several countries are investigated. Durability design is now changing from simple material requirement control to performance-based design with quantitative parameters considering various exposure classifications and evaluation processes. RC structures based on reasonable durability design can make a great contribution to reducing maintenance costs and environmental effects like CO 2 emissions.

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Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment

Cited by 230 publications

References 22 publications

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Chloride ingress into marine exposed concrete: A comparison of empirical- and physically- based models

Estimation of Corrosion-Free Life for Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag under a Chloride-Bearing Environment

Current Trends of Durability Design and Government Support in South Korea: Chloride Attack

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