Prediction of muscle and remaining tissue protein in man.

Chinn, Kenneth S. K.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.23.5.713

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Daily urinary creatinine in our subjects did not fluctuate with changing levels of protein intake. Although urinary creatinine was used to monitor the completeness of urine collection, it can also be used to determine the muscle mass of subjects (Chinn, 1967). Similar results were obtained by other workers (Young et al 1973;Huang & Lin, 1982) with different levels of protein intake derived from egg protein and customary diets respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Protein requirement of young adult Nigerian females on habitual Nigerian diet at the usual level of energy intake

Egun

Atinmo

1993

Br J Nutr

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A short-term N balance study was conducted in twelve healthy female adults aged 21-32 years to determine their protein requirement. Four dietary protein levels (0.3,0.4,0.5 and 0.6 g protein/kg per d) were used. Energy intake of the subjects was kept constant at 0.18 MJ/kg per d. All subjects maintained their normal activity throughout the study period. N excretion was determined from the measurements of N in a total collection of urine, faeces, sweat and menstrual fluid for each dietary period. N balance during the four protein levels were -15.15 ( There have been various reports of studies on human protein requirements for over a century (Munro, 1985) but the area is still under active investigation as new concepts and more information become available especially from developing countries. More recently attention has focused on protein requirements under conditions prevailing in developing countries where there are cultural, environmental, as well as dietary differences from developed or industrialized countries (United Nations University World Hunger Programme, 1979 ; Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/ United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU), 1985.The database from developing countries for setting recommended allowances for protein is increasing but, still, they are mostly based on studies of adult males. There is less extensive information available for adult females. The recent FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) Consultative Group had to depend on the conclusion of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (1 973) Expert Group, for values for the obligatory N losses of women (Bodwell et al. 1979) and results of Calloway & Kurzer (1982) based on N balance studies. The conclusion was reached that there was no justification for making a distinction between adult males and females when setting a safe intake of protein. Accordingly, the safe intake of good-quality, highly digestible protein was set at 0.75 g/kg per d for both sexes. There is the need to have more information on women so as to provide more material for future consultative groups on protein requirements.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Protein requirement of young adult Nigerian females on habitual Nigerian diet at the usual level of energy intake

Egun

Atinmo

1993

Br J Nutr

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“…13 Malnutrition has a relatively clear definition in children and one talks of protein malnutrition (kwashiorkor) and combined protein and calorie malnutrition (marasmus). Since skeletal muscles play a central role in protein metabolism and storage, 14,15 one may define clinical adult protein malnutrition as skeletal muscle loss. On the other hand, adipose tissue is the largest repository of calories, and therefore, adult energy malnutrition may be considered as a reduction in whole body fat mass.…”

Section: Defining Malnutrition In Cirrhosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and Muscle in Cirrhosis

Anand

2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

128

154

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As the cirrhosis progresses, development of complication like ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, kidney dysfunction, and hepatocellular carcinoma signify increasing risk of short term mortality. Malnutrition and muscle wasting (sarcopenia) is yet other complications that negatively impact survival, quality of life, and response to stressors, such as infection and surgery in patients with cirrhosis. Conventionally, these are not routinely looked for, because nutritional assessment can be a difficult especially if there is associated fluid retention and/or obesity. Patients with cirrhosis may have a combination of loss of skeletal muscle and gain of adipose tissue, culminating in the condition of "sarcopenic obesity." Sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients has been associated with increased mortality, sepsis complications, hyperammonemia, overt hepatic encephalopathy, and increased length of stay after liver transplantation. Assessment of muscles with cross-sectional imaging studies has become an attractive index of nutritional status evaluation in cirrhosis, as sarcopenia, the major component of malnutrition, is primarily responsible for the adverse clinical consequences seen in patients with liver disease. Cirrhosis is a state of accelerated starvation, with increased gluconeogenesis that requires amino acid diversion from other metabolic functions. Protein homeostasis is disturbed in cirrhosis due to several factors such as hyperammonemia, hormonal, and cytokine abnormalities, physical inactivity and direct effects of ethanol and its metabolites. New approaches to manage sarcopenia are being evolved. Branched chain amino acid supplementation, Myostatin inhibitors, and mitochondrial protective agents are currently in various stages of evaluation in preclinical studies to prevent and reverse sarcopenia, in cirrhosis.

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“…In children, malnutrition is clearly defined as predominantly protein malnutrition or kwashiorkor and combined protein and calorie malnutrition or marasmus. In humans, most proteins are located in the skeletal muscle, 44-47 and we have, therefore, defined clinical adult protein malnutrition as primarily skeletal muscle loss. Energy malnutrition is more difficult to define clearly, but because adipose tissue is the largest repository of calories, adult fat malnutrition can be defined as a reduction in whole body fat mass.…”

Section: Malnutrition In Liver Disease: Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%