Prediction of Lard in Palm Olein Oil Using Simple Linear Regression (SLR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) Based on Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR)

Abstract

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) offers the advantages of rapid analysis with minimal sample preparation. FTIR in combination with multivariate approach, particularly partial least squares regression (PLSR), has been widely used for adulterant analysis. Limited study has been done to compare PLSR with other regression strategies. In this paper, we apply simple linear regression (SLR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and PLSR for prediction of lard in palm olein oil. Pure palm olein oil was adulterated with lard at different concentrations and subjected to analysis with FTIR. The marker bands distinguishing lard and palm olein oil were determined using Fisher’s weights. The marker regions were then subjected to regression analysis with the models verified based on 100 training/test sets. The prediction performance was measured based on the percentage root mean square error (%RMSE). The absorption bands at 3006 cm−1, 2852 cm−1, 1117 cm−1, 1236 cm−1, and 1159 cm−1 were identified as the marker bands. The bands at 3006 and 1117 cm−1 were found with satisfactory predictive ability, with PLSR demonstrating better prediction yielding %RMSE of 16.03 and 13.26%, respectively.

Adulteration detection technologies used for halal/kosher food products: an overview

“…It can be easily combined with other fats to reduce production costs. In general, lard gains its importance and controversy from two perspectives: (1) economic considerations, (2) religious restrictions [ 14 ]. Lard consists of trans-fat, which is preferred in the food industry due to its ability to solidify and stabilize vegetable oils and extend the shelf life of food.…”

“…Lard consists of trans-fat, which is preferred in the food industry due to its ability to solidify and stabilize vegetable oils and extend the shelf life of food. On the other hand, it has many disadvantages from a medical point of view, because it is known that a diet high in lard contributes to hypertension, colon, breast, and prostate cancer [ 14 ]. The fats in lard are mainly present as triglycerides and are distributed between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.…”

Determination of invert syrup adulterated in acacia honey by terahertz spectroscopy with different spectral features

“…The SLR model only used one variable at the risk of losing valuable information. If the independent variable is characterized with noise, then predication of the dependent variable may be susceptible to changes . Considering the sensitivity of the SLR model herein, an MLR model was tried to combine several informative variables, performing a multivariate calibration .…”

“…If the independent variable is characterized with noise, then predication of the dependent variable may be susceptible to changes. 40 Considering the sensitivity of the SLR model herein, an MLR model was tried to combine several informative variables, performing a multivariate calibration. 41 MLR is a consensus strategy with the representative subsets of variables with a minimum of collinearity, which are selected by the SPA in most cases.…”

A Review of an Artificial Intelligence Framework for Identifying the Most Effective Palm Oil Prediction

“…Furthermore, the generalised cross-validation (GCV) index, which uses the MLR method to account for nonlinearity, can be used to analyse the MARS model [94,95]. A study proposed LR to predict the vegetative components of oil palms [96].…”