Prediction of Klason lignin and lignin thermal degradation products by Py–GC/MS in a collection of Lolium and Festuca grasses

Fahmi, R.; Bridgwater, Anthony V.; Thain, Simon C.; Donnison, Iain S.; Morris, Phillip; Yates, N. E.

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2006.12.018

Cited by 94 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…This can be achieved if the oil exhibits high inhomogeneity, processing lower molecular weight compounds. High molecular weight derived compounds present in pyrolysis oil come from the lignin monomers present in the biomass [114]. Therefore biomass with less lignin content is desirable to reduce the heavier molecular weight compounds present in pyrolysis oil and produce a more homogenous liquid [108,115].…”

Section: Pyrolysis Bio-oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review

et al. 2012

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There has been an enormous amount of research in recent years in the area of thermo-chemical conversion of biomass into bio-fuels (bio-oil, bio-char and bio-gas) through pyrolysis technology due to its several socio-economic advantages as well as the fact it is an efficient conversion method compared to other thermo-chemical conversion technologies. However, this technology is not yet fully developed with respect to its commercial applications. In this study, more than two hundred publications are reviewed, discussed and summarized, with the emphasis being placed on the current status of pyrolysis technology and its potential for commercial applications for bio-fuel production. Aspects of pyrolysis technology such as pyrolysis principles, biomass sources and characteristics, types of pyrolysis, pyrolysis reactor design, pyrolysis products and their characteristics and economics of bio-fuel production are presented. It is found from this study that conversion of biomass to bio-fuel has to overcome challenges such as understanding the trade-off between the size of the pyrolysis plant and feedstock, improvement of the reliability of pyrolysis reactors and processes to become viable for commercial applications. Further study is required to achieve a better understanding of the economics of biomass pyrolysis for bio-fuel production, as well as resolving issues related to the capabilities of this technology in practical application. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2012, 5 4953

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Section: Pyrolysis Bio-oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review

et al. 2012

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“…bio-oil, noncondensable gases or char [33,49,[52][53][54]. The mineral content in biomass also affects the quantity and quality of the products yields [53].…”

Section: Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mineral content in biomass also affects the quantity and quality of the products yields [53]. The literature suggests that high contents of monovalent potassium and divalent calcium in fuels are responsible for the lower organic volatile yield and may promote dehydration of holocellulose and demethoxylation of lignin units during pyrolysis [33,49,[52][53][54][55][56]. This is consistent with our findings, since Terminalia, which has the highest CaO content (41.7 wt.%) records the highest peak area % for lignin products especially for methoxy-phenols and phenols (see figure 11).…”

Section: Pyrolysis-gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Selected Nigerian Biomass for Combustion and Pyrolysis Applications

Akinrinola¹,

Darvell²,

Jones³

et al. 2014

Energy Fuels

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Biomass is the most utilised form of renewable energy, especially in developing nations, and is a possible replacement for fossil fuel in power generation. The most commonly used method for recovering energy from biomass is combustion. Many countries are exploring the utilisation of energy crops and indigenous residues to deliver sustainable sources of biomass. For these bioresources, detailed characterisation of the fuel properties is essential in order to optimise the combustion processes. In this study, some potential energy crops and woods from Nigeria, namely Terminalia superba, Gmelina arborea, Lophira alata, Nauclea diderrichii, and also one 2 abundant agricultural residue, palm kernel expellers (PKE) were characterised for their combustion properties. Standard characterisation methods such as proximate and ultimate analyses, metals analysis, and ash fusion test were used for this purpose and the results were compared to some UK biomass. In addition, their thermal conversion was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatographyÐmass spectrometry. Finally, combustion studies were conducted by suspending single biomass particles in a methane flame to obtain information on reactivities and combustion characteristics. Results indicate that the ash fractions in the Nigerian woods were low in K, Si, and Ca, resulting in low calculated alkali indices, hence these fuels are not predicted to cause severe fouling problems. Furthermore, the analysis of the evolved product during devolatilisation from Py-GC-MS suggests that the content of oil is high in Gmelina. Finally, the results from the single particle combustion experiments revealed longer char burn out rate for Lophira and Nauclea when compared with those of Terminalia and Gmelina.Keywords: biomass, torrefaction, energy, combustion, pyrolysis. Nigeria has large reserves of gas and solid minerals, and the largest oil reserves in Africa.Consequently the country has a very high dependence on crude oil, which contributes seedling nurseries, and plantation management [7]. Woods in the plantations include Gmelina, Terminalia, teak, eucalyptus, and pine. Tropical rain forest is the major source of timber supply and energy crops in Nigeria with high plant diversity of over 4,600 plant species. The forest covers 10% of the countryÕs land area with over 560 tree species at a range of about 30 to 70 species per hectare for trees ≥ 5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) [8].Terminalia superba is a tree found in the tropical lowland forest in Nigeria. The tree is planted around April at the beginning of the rainy season, and thrives on rich, well-drained alluvial soils, although it can also be cultivated on other soil types namely lateritic sands, gravel and clays, lava, black basaltic clays and crystalline soils. The wood air dries rapidly, degrades slightly and is lightweight to medium-weight, with a density ranging from 370Ð730 kg/m³ at a moisture content of about 12% [9]. Once the wood is dried, it becomes stable. The chemical composition

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“…For softwood pulps Alves et al (2006) obtained a high coefficient of determination (R 2 =0.93) when Klason lignin values were plotted against those obtained from pyrolysis. Fahmi et al (2007) obtained also a high coefficient of determination for such lignin determinations in grasses (R 2 =0.88). These results show that pyrolysis can be used to determine residual lignin in lignocellulosic materials and in pulps with different degrees of delignification and with different lignin monomeric composition.…”

Section: Comparison Of Wet Chemistry and Pyrolysis Lignin Determinationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Comparison of Py-GC/FID and Wet Chemistry Analysis for Lignin Determination in Wood and Pulps from Eucalyptus globulus

Lourenço¹,

Gominho²,

Marques³

et al. 2013

BioResources

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The kraft pulps produced from heartwood and sapwood of Eucalyptus globulus at 130 ºC, 150 ºC, and 170 ºC were characterized by wet chemistry (total lignin as sum of Klason and soluble lignin fractions) and pyrolysis (total lignin denoted as py-lignin). The total lignin content obtained with both methods was similar. In the course of delignification, the py-lignin values were higher (by 2 to 5%) compared to Klason values, which is in line with the importance of soluble lignin for total lignin determination. Pyrolysis analysis presents advantages over wet chemical procedures, and it can be applied to wood and pulps to determine lignin contents at different stages of the delignification process. The py-lignin values were used for kinetic modelling of delignification, with very high predictive value and results similar to those of modelling using wet chemical determinations.

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Prediction of Klason lignin and lignin thermal degradation products by Py–GC/MS in a collection of Lolium and Festuca grasses

Cited by 94 publications

References 20 publications

Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review

Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review

Characterization of Selected Nigerian Biomass for Combustion and Pyrolysis Applications

Comparison of Py-GC/FID and Wet Chemistry Analysis for Lignin Determination in Wood and Pulps from Eucalyptus globulus

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