“…Based on data from the Central Agency of Statistics, in 2021 the total population in DKI Jakarta reached 20 million people. The data is spread over five districts and cities such as: Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta Pusat, Jakarta Barat, dan Jakarta Utara (Yoo, Kim, & Hadi, 2014;Kamh, Khalifa, & El-Bahrawy, 2016;Heidrich, Jayathunga, Bock, & Götz, 2021;Rukmana, & Ramadhani, 2021). If the data is compared to area which have 662.33 𝑘𝑚 2 , the result is a very high population density.…”