“…Maternal body temperature starts to decrease approximately 48 h before parturition [28, 29]. A previous report in dairy cows [18] showed that the values of ST began to decline approximately 36 h before calving, became constant approximately 18 h before calving and then declined again approximately 6 h before calving. The previously reported prepartum fluctuations in ST —an initial decrease, followed by temporary stagnation, and finally a second decrease in the last several hours— were also observed in our present experiments (Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The ventral tail base surface temperature of the cows was measured using a modified version of the sensors described in previous reports [17, 18] (Fig. 1AFig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values at –1 h correspond to those from –60 to –1 min before parturition, and the values at –1 day refer to those from –24 h to –1 h until parturition. To remove the effect of the circadian variations, changes in the hourly values of the indices were expressed as actual values minus average values for the same hour over the preceding 3 days [7, 17, 18, 25].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The temperature threshold followed Koyama et al . [18]; the periods during which the average ambient temperature ≥ 10ºC and < 10ºC were defined as a warm (n = 13; 18.3 ± 3.2ºC, means ± SD) and cool (n = 9; 3.2 ± 2.8ºC, means ± SD) season, respectively. We evaluated the daily change of the body temperature and behavioral indices through the last 7 days before parturition in different seasons using the following mixed linear model (model 3): Y ijkl = μ + Day i + Season j + (Day × Season) ij + id k + e ijkl , where Y ijkl are the daily representative values of the body temperature and behavioral indices, μ is the overall mean, Day i is the fixed effect of the day before parturition (–7 to –1 h), Season j is the fixed effect of the season (warm, cool), (Day × Season) ij is the interaction between the day before parturition and season, id k is the random effect of individuals, and e ijkl are the residual errors.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[17] first reported the application of ST measurement for estrus detection in beef and dairy cattle, and then Koyama et al . [18] used the ST sensor to predict the calving time of dairy cattle. However, as an index for calving prediction, it remains unclear whether ST would compare favorably to other indices derived from conventional animal-attached sensors.…”
Prediction of parturition is essential for sustainable production in beef and dairy cattle, yet the present methods are limited by their high invasiveness and low utility. Here we compared prepartum changes in ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) with changes in vaginal temperature (VT) and behavioral indices. We analyzed 22 parturitions from 22 beef cows. Changes in daily values of ST, VT, and behavioral indices over the 7 days before parturition were investigated. Hourly values were calculated as the actual values minus the mean values for the same hour over a 3-day period, and the changes in hourly values over the 48 h before parturition were investigated. To test the effect of ambient temperature, tested cows were assigned to two season-groups based on the ambient temperature to which they were exposed (warm: n = 13; cool: n = 9), and the daily and hourly values of the indices were compared between seasons. A decrease in ST occurred approximately 30 h before parturition, which was similar to the time of the decrease in VT and earlier than the increase of behavioral indices. In addition, a unique fluctuation of ST observed in the last few hours before parturition indicates that ST could provide a sign for parturition not only in the long-term like VT, but also in the short-term like behavioral indices. Although ST was more sensitive to ambient temperature than VT or the behavioral indices, the day of parturition could be predicted from ST in both the warm and cool seasons.
“…Maternal body temperature starts to decrease approximately 48 h before parturition [28, 29]. A previous report in dairy cows [18] showed that the values of ST began to decline approximately 36 h before calving, became constant approximately 18 h before calving and then declined again approximately 6 h before calving. The previously reported prepartum fluctuations in ST —an initial decrease, followed by temporary stagnation, and finally a second decrease in the last several hours— were also observed in our present experiments (Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The ventral tail base surface temperature of the cows was measured using a modified version of the sensors described in previous reports [17, 18] (Fig. 1AFig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The values at –1 h correspond to those from –60 to –1 min before parturition, and the values at –1 day refer to those from –24 h to –1 h until parturition. To remove the effect of the circadian variations, changes in the hourly values of the indices were expressed as actual values minus average values for the same hour over the preceding 3 days [7, 17, 18, 25].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The temperature threshold followed Koyama et al . [18]; the periods during which the average ambient temperature ≥ 10ºC and < 10ºC were defined as a warm (n = 13; 18.3 ± 3.2ºC, means ± SD) and cool (n = 9; 3.2 ± 2.8ºC, means ± SD) season, respectively. We evaluated the daily change of the body temperature and behavioral indices through the last 7 days before parturition in different seasons using the following mixed linear model (model 3): Y ijkl = μ + Day i + Season j + (Day × Season) ij + id k + e ijkl , where Y ijkl are the daily representative values of the body temperature and behavioral indices, μ is the overall mean, Day i is the fixed effect of the day before parturition (–7 to –1 h), Season j is the fixed effect of the season (warm, cool), (Day × Season) ij is the interaction between the day before parturition and season, id k is the random effect of individuals, and e ijkl are the residual errors.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[17] first reported the application of ST measurement for estrus detection in beef and dairy cattle, and then Koyama et al . [18] used the ST sensor to predict the calving time of dairy cattle. However, as an index for calving prediction, it remains unclear whether ST would compare favorably to other indices derived from conventional animal-attached sensors.…”
Prediction of parturition is essential for sustainable production in beef and dairy cattle, yet the present methods are limited by their high invasiveness and low utility. Here we compared prepartum changes in ventral tail base surface temperature (ST) with changes in vaginal temperature (VT) and behavioral indices. We analyzed 22 parturitions from 22 beef cows. Changes in daily values of ST, VT, and behavioral indices over the 7 days before parturition were investigated. Hourly values were calculated as the actual values minus the mean values for the same hour over a 3-day period, and the changes in hourly values over the 48 h before parturition were investigated. To test the effect of ambient temperature, tested cows were assigned to two season-groups based on the ambient temperature to which they were exposed (warm: n = 13; cool: n = 9), and the daily and hourly values of the indices were compared between seasons. A decrease in ST occurred approximately 30 h before parturition, which was similar to the time of the decrease in VT and earlier than the increase of behavioral indices. In addition, a unique fluctuation of ST observed in the last few hours before parturition indicates that ST could provide a sign for parturition not only in the long-term like VT, but also in the short-term like behavioral indices. Although ST was more sensitive to ambient temperature than VT or the behavioral indices, the day of parturition could be predicted from ST in both the warm and cool seasons.
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