“…Many materials used in these applications are granular metal oxides, such as ferric, aluminum, or titanium oxides. Because of media attrition during operation, these media typically tend to be friable and generate fines, which can result in backpressure buildup (Siegel et al, 2007a). This phenomenon means the media must be backwashed regularly, which adds to system complexity because this secondary waste must be treated or disposed of, increasing operation and maintenance costs (Chen et al, 2008).…”