Prediction of Apple Maggot Fly
1
Emergence from Thermal Unit Accumulation
2

Reissig, W. H.; Barnard, J. A.; Weires, R. W.; Glass, E. H.; Dean, R. W.

doi:10.1093/ee/8.1.51

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This temperature is fairly close to the 6.4°C lower threshold for adult development in R. pomonella (Reissig et al 1979). Pupae from the Ferris site, which is in the northern portion of R. pomonella's distribution, may therefore have had to endure higher winter temperatures in the overwinter experiment than they would normally face in nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

THE EFFECTS OF WINTER LENGTH ON THE GENETICS OF APPLE AND HAWTHORN RACES OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

et al. 1997

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Abstract.-Host plant-associated fitness trade-offs are central to models of sympatric speciation proposed for certain phytophagous insects. But empirical evidence for such trade-offs is scant, which has called into question the likelihood of nonallopatric speciation. Here, we report on the second in a series of studies testing for host-related selection on pupal life-history characteristics of apple-(Malus pumila L.) and hawthorn-(Crataegus mol/is L. spp.) infesting races of the Tephritid fruit fly, Rhagoletis pomonel/a (Walsh). In particular, we examine the effects of winter length on the genetics of these flies.We have previously found that the earlier fruiting phenology of apple trees exposes apple-fly pupae to longer periods of warm weather preceding winter than hawthorn-fly pupae. Because R. pomonel/a has a facultative diapause, we hypothesized that this selects for pupae with more recalcitrant pupal diapauses (or slower metabolic/development rates) in the apple-fly race. A study in which we experimentally manipulated the length of the prewintering period for hawthorn-origin pupae supported this prediction.If the period preceding winter is important for apple-and hawthorn-fly pupae, then so too should be the length (duration) of winter; the rationale for this prediction is that "fast developing" pupae that break diapause too early will deplete their energy reserves and disproportionately die during long winters. To test this possibility, we chilled apple-and hawthorn-origin pupae collected from a field site near Grant, Michigan, in a refrigerator at 4°C for time periods ranging from one week to two years. Our a priori expectation was that longer periods of cold storage would select against allozyme markers that were associated with faster rates of development in our earlier study. Since these electromorphs are typically found at higher frequencies in hawthorn flies, extending the overwintering period should favor "apple-fly alleles" in both races.The results from this "overwinter" experiment supported the diapause hypothesis. The anticipated genetic response was observed in both apple and hawthorn races, as allele frequencies became significantly more "apple-fly-like" in eclosing adults surviving longer chilling periods. This indicates that it is the combination of environmental conditions before and during winter that selects on the host races. Many tests for trade-offs fail to adequately consider the interplay between insect development, host plant phenology, and local climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that such oversight may help to explain the paucity of reported fitness trade-offs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

THE EFFECTS OF WINTER LENGTH ON THE GENETICS OF APPLE AND HAWTHORN RACES OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

et al. 1997

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“…GDD is calculated by determining the number of degrees that the average temperature for a day was above 50°F and summing these daily totals throughout the course of the year (negative daily values are considered to be 0). Fifty degrees Fahrenheit is not an arbitrarily chosen temperature for calculating GDD but, rather, represents the approximate lower threshold condition under which post-pupal development occurs for R. pomonella (Reissig et aL, 1979 …”

Section: °22' 2600°mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene frequency clines for host races of Rhagoletis pomonella in the Midwestern United States

Feder

Bush

1989

Heredity

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Speciation in many host specific parasites may be initiated in sympatry when populations shift and adapt to new hosts. The recent shift of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its native host plant hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) to introduced, domesticated apple (Malus pumila), provides a direct test of the "sympatric speciation" hypothesis by indicating whether partially reproductively isolated "host races" can evolve in the absence of geographic isolation. We report finding significant allele frequency differences for six allozymes between paired apple and hawthorn infesting populations of R. pomonella from across the midwestern United States. Latitudinal allele frequency dines exist among both apple and hawthorn populations, however, for a majority of the loci displaying racial differences. Inter-host genetic differentiation is therefore superimposed on clinal patterns of variation within the races such that the magnitude of host associated divergence is a function of latitude. The results indicate that host associated races can form in sympatry and implicate differences in host plant recognition and developmental timing (related to ambient temperature) as key factors restricting gene flow between apple and hawthorn populations. However, some of the same processes differentiating apple and hawthorn populations at sympatric sites also appear to be occurring within the two host races across their respective ranges. R. pomonella populations are therefore diverging with respect to both their host plant affiliations and local environmental conditions. INTRODUCTIONSpeciation, the rendering of one closed genetic system into two, is a fundamental process responsible for the evolution of life on earth. Unfortunately, because speciation is a relatively rare, often time consuming event, much of our understanding of the process is based on population genetics models and indirect analyses of closely related species. We therefore have very few examples directly documenting how populations become reproductively isolated from one another.The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, is an exception, however, having a biology and natural history which makes it ideal for the empirical study of speciation. R. pomonella is part of an endemic, sibling species complex of true fruit flies whose members overlap broadly in their geographic distributions across North America (Bush, 1966). Rhagoletis larvae are internal parasites in the fruit of their hosts, with each species in the group being monophagous or oligophagous for a different set of host plants (Bush, 1966). Adult females lay their eggs directly into the host fruit which they identify by specific visual, tactile and olfactory cues (Prokopy, 1968a;Prokopy et a!., 1973Prokopy et a!., , 1987Prokopy et a!., , 1988Moericke et a!., 1975;Fein et a!., 1982;Owens and Prokopy, 1986;Papaj and Prokopy, 1986). Males are attracted by the same cues and courtship and mating occurs almost exclusively on or near the fruits of the host plant (Prokopy et a!., 1971(Pr...

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“…The linear model estimated a developmental zero at 4.7ЊC, and the lowest temperature allowing completion of postdiapause development was 11ЊC. Reid and Laing (1976) and Reissig et al (1979), with the apple maggot, estimated a slightly higher developmental zero of 8.7ЊC and 6.4ЊC, respectively. The lowest temperature allowing completion of postdiapause development of the apple maggot ßy was 10ЊC (Reissig et al 1979).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Postdiapause Development and Prediction of Emergence of Female Blueberry Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Teixeira

Polavarapu²

2001

Environ Entomol

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Prediction of Apple Maggot Fly 1 Emergence from Thermal Unit Accumulation 2

Cited by 34 publications

References 7 publications

THE EFFECTS OF WINTER LENGTH ON THE GENETICS OF APPLE AND HAWTHORN RACES OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

THE EFFECTS OF WINTER LENGTH ON THE GENETICS OF APPLE AND HAWTHORN RACES OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Gene frequency clines for host races of Rhagoletis pomonella in the Midwestern United States

Postdiapause Development and Prediction of Emergence of Female Blueberry Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)

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