Prediction Models Founded on Soil Characteristics for the Estimated Uptake of Nine Metals by Okra Plant, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., Cultivated in Agricultural Soils Modified with Varying Sewage Sludge Concentrations

Abstract

Prediction models were developed to estimate the extent to which the metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were taken up by the fruits, the leaves, the stems, and the roots of the okra plant, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench., grown under greenhouse conditions in soil modified with a spectrum of sewage sludge concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g/kg. All the metals under investigation, apart from Cd, were more concentrated in the A. esculentus roots than in any other organ. Overall, the sum of the metal concentration (mg/kg) within the varying plant tissues can be ranked in the following order: roots (13,795.5) > leaves (1252.7) > fruits (489.3) > stems (469.6). For five of the metals (i.e., Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, and Pb), the BCF was <1; for the remaining four metals, the BCF was >1, (i.e., Cr, 1.074; Cu, 1.347; Ni, 1.576; and Zn, 1.031). The metal BCFs were negatively correlated with the pH of the soil and positively correlated with soil OM content. The above-ground tissues exhibited a TF < 1 for all metals, apart from Cd with respect to the leaves (2.003) and the fruits (2.489), and with the exception of Mn in relation to the leaves (1.149). Further positive associations were demonstrated for the concentrations of all the metals in each examined plant tissue and the corresponding soil metal concentration. The tissue uptakes of the nine metals were negatively correlated with soil pH, but positively associated with the OM content in the soil. The generated models showed high performance accuracy; students’ t-tests indicated that any differences between the measured and forecasted concentrations of the nine metals within the four tissue types of A. esculentus failed to reach significance. It can, therefore, be surmised that the prediction models described in the current research form a feasible method with which to determine the safety and risk to human health when cultivating the tested species in soils modified with sewage sludge.

Prediction Models Based on Soil Characteristics for Evaluation of the Accumulation Capacity of Nine Metals by Forage Sorghum Grown in Agricultural Soils Treated with Varying Amounts of Poultry Manure

“…In the present research, R 2 exhibited a positive association with ME and a negative relationship with MNAE and MNB. Comparable data were published with respect to grain sorghum and okra species grown in field soil combined with SS (Eid et al 2021c;Shaltout et al 2021).…”

Sustainable Use of Sewage Sludge as a Casing Material for Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Cultivation: Experimental and Prediction Modeling Studies for Uptake of Metal Elements

“…of net metal element absorbed by A. bisporus during its vegetative growth, β indicates the regression coefficients, pH C and OC C are the pH and organic carbon (mg/kg) of the casing material, while ME S+C indicates the sum of metal elements present in the mushroom substrate and casing material, respectively. Besides this, the constructed models were validated using two different validation tools, viz., model efficiency (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE), as suggested by Eid et al [44].…”

“…Thus, the mixing rate of SS greatly contributed to increasing the levels of various nutrients and metal elements in the casing material. Previously, Eid and coworkers [44] determined the physiochemical and metal element properties of SS and reported that SS had significant levels of various nutrients, which were further useful for increasing the soil fertility under Abelmoschus esculentus crop cultivation.…”

“…Prediction modeling is an efficient method of determining the metal element enrichment by various organisms, including crop plants and fungi [44,48]. Multiple linear regression is one of the most efficient among various methods.…”

Regression Models to Estimate Accumulation Capability of Six Metals by Two Macrophytes, Typha domingensis and Typha elephantina, Grown in an Arid Climate in the Mountainous Region of Taif, Saudi Arabia

“…In the upper trophic strata, their presence becomes biomagnified and can give rise to a number of chronic pathologies in both humans and animals [3]. Exposure to toxic metals typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated products within the diet, the immediate consumption of soil or polluted drinking water, and the inhalation of air particle suspensions [4].…”