Prediction Model for the Evolution of the Deterioration of Bricks in Heritage Buildings in Venice Caused by Climate Change

Abstract

This work presents a methodology for obtaining a quantitative expression of the superficial deterioration of bricks affected by climatic conditions. The method combines in situ measurements with laboratory data. Input data on material recession were obtained from photogrammetric observations, the material properties were derived from laboratory tests or the relevant literature, and climate data were provided from regional environmental monitoring service. The climatic parameters considered in this study are: relative humidity, number of freeze-thaw cycles (i.e., mean number of days per year with temperatures below zero), and peak sun hours per day. The methodology proposed estimates the deterioration rate of brick façades under variable climate conditions over time. As a conclusion of this research, a new tool for the structural evaluation of brick walls is presented.

Use of LiDAR Technology for the Study and Analysis of Construction Phases and Deformations in the Gothic Church of Biar (Spain)

“…Orthophotos obtained from the 3D cloud point are usually used to document historical buildings, as currently presented. With these techniques there can also be obtained deformation and degradation with high precision in millimetre values on a cloud point with more than 540 thousand points (Figure 4) [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Orthophotos obtained from the 3D cloud point are usually used to document historical buildings, as currently presented. With these techniques there can also be obtained deformation and degradation with high precision in millimetre values on a cloud point with more than 540 thousand points (Figure 4) [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Various tools were used for the 3D geometrical survey, such as the Leica Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) model BLK to obtain 360 HDR images of the interior of the church and model C10 with their corresponding integrated digital cameras, as well as the software for their registration, processing and analysis of the point clouds.…”

“…3). The use of LiDAR technology for the recording and diagnosis of historic buildings has been established for many years, as demonstrated by numerous authors who have worked on the advancement of these techniques [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, each building is unique and poses different challenges.…”

“…The study has been based, on the one hand, on the research, compilation and analysis of written documentation, and on the other hand, on the in situ reconnaissance of the building, analysis of the masonry and its materials, and the comparative study of the deformations and anomalies obtained by means of point clouds, applying LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) technology and photogrammetry (Figure 1). The use of LiDAR technology for the recording and diagnosis of historic buildings has been established for many years, as demonstrated by numerous authors who have worked on the advancement of these techniques [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. However, each building is unique and poses different challenges.…”

Urban Scale Monitoring Approach for the Assessment of Rising Damp Effects in Venice

“…The recrudescence of high water due to city subsidence and marine eustatism, in relation also to global climate change, further raises concerns about the impact of rising damp on Venetian buildings [14][15][16][17]. Despite many studies on possible future scenarios on rising sea levels and flooding risks in terms of socio-economic relevance, a comprehensive risk assessment focused on seawater and its impacts on historical architectural surfaces still needs to be defined for Venice at an urban scale [11,12,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The impact and extension of rising damp on Venetian buildings have been traditionally assessed using invasive methodologies such as drilling powders from bricks at different heights, whose moisture content is then determined using the ponderal method [2][3][4].…”