Predicting vertical ground reaction force during running using novel piezoresponsive sensors and accelerometry

The Use of Wearable Sensor Technology to Detect Shock Impacts in Sports and Occupational Settings: A Scoping Review

“…Thus, the final extraction includes papers in the sports domain only. Of the 34 full-text papers included from the sports domain, 33 were peer-reviewed journal articles [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], and one was a conference abstract [ 64 ]. The included papers are listed in Table 1 with the following information included: author(s), year of publication, type of sport, study design, study aims, main outcome measure, population, type(s) of wearable sensor technology and placement of sensor, additional technology for validation, and key findings.…”

“…Of the 34 studies included, as many as 25 utilized additional technologies to the wearable sensors. For studies on running, seven studies used force plates or instrumented treadmills with force plates embedded [ 34 , 37 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 57 , 63 ], two used force plates and camera recordings [ 55 , 60 ] and three used camera recordings only [ 38 , 52 , 59 ]. For assessments of landing impacts, force plate data was reported in four studies [ 31 , 33 , 62 , 64 ], force plate and camera recordings were reported in one study [ 32 ] and camera recordings only were reported in one study [ 46 ].…”

“…In contrast to team sports, it is interesting to note that the approach seems different in studies on running. Even though total exposure (distance covered, surface, shoes) and running technique (forefoot, midfoot, or rearfoot landings, stride length) are topics under investigation in many studies on running, attention is also explicitly directed on single landing impacts: 15 studies on running [ 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 63 ] accommodating the inclusion criteria were identified. From these studies, knowledge on foot strike impacts can partly be transferred to several of the mentioned team sports.…”

Principal Component Analysis of the Running Ground Reaction Forces With Different Speeds

“…Typically, the vertical GRF consists of a first peak as heel landing and a second peak during pushing-off (Wannop et al, 2012;Mei et al, 2015), and the ant-post GRF includes braking peak and propulsion peak (Wannop et al, 2012). In contrast, the med-lat GRF showed little consistency and high variations in the pattern and shape, which might be due to the different foot placements, footwear condition, and environmental surface while running (McClay and Cavanagh, 1994;Samaan et al, 2014;Seeley et al, 2020). Accordingly, the studies on the GRFs were mainly conducted to analyze the vertical and med-lat aspects of GRF, investigating the biomechanical loadings with different running footwear (Logan et al, 2010), risk of running-related injuries (van der Worp et al, 2016), athletic performance during a sprint (Colyer et al, 2019), and biomechanical response to fatigue between sexes (Bazuelo-Ruiz et al, 2018).…”

“…The different footwear may also redistribute the impact peak forces and propulsion forces (Logan et al, 2010). While running with different speeds, the peak GRFs were not always linearly correlated with body weight (BW) via normalization with BW times height and BW times leg length (Wannop et al, 2012), particularly observed in the first peak of vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) across different speeds (Seeley et al, 2020). The loadings of faster or slower running differed from preferred running velocity on a treadmill (Kluitenberg et al, 2012).…”