“…Significant research effort has been focusing on models for predicting speed, travel times, and departure/arrival times on both spatial and temporal domains for different transportation modes. A variety of prediction methods, such as the Box–Jenkins models , the KF models , regression models , artificial neural networks , and microscopic simulation models were developed for various applications. A wide range of factors are considered in these studies, including dynamic traffic characteristics (e.g., volume, speed, vehicle composition, and driving behavior) and external factors (e.g., incidents, traffic control devices, roadway geometry, and weather) that affect daily traffic operation.…”