Predicting Unfrozen Water Contents in Frozen Soils

Dillon, Howard B; Andersland, Orlando B.

doi:10.1139/t66-007

Cited by 55 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…For a given no‐saline soil, the unfrozen water content decreases quickly as the temperature drops to the initial freezing point T f 0 as shown in Figure 1. The decrease rate of unfrozen water content also drops quickly as the temperature decreases due to the enhancing matrix effect, which has been widely reported and discussed (Andersland & Ladanyi, 2004; Dillon & Andersland, 1966; Xu et al, 2001). Below the initial freezing point of the given soil, it is the icing stage indicating the presence of water‐ice phase transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Several theoretical and empirical phase composition curve models for pore waters of soils in cold regions have been proposed (Anderson & Tice, 1972; Dillon & Andersland, 1966; Michalowski & Zhu, 2006; Teng et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2017), some of which take the solute compositions into account (Banin & Anderson, 1974; Wan & Yang, 2020; Xu et al, 1995; Yong et al, 1979; Zhou et al, 2020). However, these models only include the water‐ice phase transition in the pore solution, and none of them consider the solution‐crystal phase transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Simplified Model for the Phase Composition Curve of Saline Soils Considering the Second Phase Transition

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

Water Resources Research

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Phase composition curves are the basis for the thermo‐hydraulic analysis of saline soil in cold regions. Two types of phase transition, namely, the water‐ice and solution‐crystal phase transitions, would occur in saline soils due to the variation in temperature and migration of moisture and solute, and the occurrence order of the two types of phase transition is governed by the initial salt and water content. This study proposed a conceptual model for the water phase composition curve in saline soils by simplifying the correlation between pore solution properties and soil grain. This model was subsequently applied to the analysis of phase composition characteristics and explained the occurrence of a second phase transition in saline soil. The model was validated by the experimental data from known soils and showed both good results and ease of use when compared to three previous models. The conceptual model provides a convenient and intuitive way to understand the phase composition characteristics of pore solution in saline soil in cold regions and is also easy to use in the thermo‐hydraulic analysis such as the prediction of unfrozen water content and solute concentration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simplified Model for the Phase Composition Curve of Saline Soils Considering the Second Phase Transition

Wang

Liu

et al. 2021

Water Resources Research

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“…The relationship between liquid water content and temperature, commonly referred to as the soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC), has been described with empirical functions of various forms including power law (Anderson and Tice, 1972), exponential (Michalowski and Zhu, 2006), piecewise linear (McKenzie et al, 2007), and nonlinear piecewise functions (Kozlowski, 2007). The SFCCs vary depending on the soil type, with differences often related to the soil's specific surface area (Dillon and Andersland, 1966; Anderson and Tice, 1972; Kozlowski, 2007) or the pore size distribution (Liu and Yu, 2013; Wang et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrical Resistivity of a Partially Saturated Porous Medium at Subzero Temperatures

Herring

Cey

Pidlisecky

2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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Core Ideas We collected resistivity data at a range of temperatures and initial saturations. Archie's equation was modified to include temperature dependence below 0°C. Bulk resistivity was used to estimate unfrozen water content and fluid resistivity. At subzero temperatures, unfrozen water content is independent of initial saturation. Ion exclusion from ice explains the dependence of resistivity on initial saturation. Electrical resistivity tomography has been used in many frozen ground applications to delineate frozen and unfrozen areas of the subsurface and monitor changes with time. In these studies, the amount of unfrozen water remaining in the pore space at subzero temperatures is often a parameter of interest. To interpret resistivity data quantitatively in terms of unfrozen water content, it is necessary to establish a relationship between bulk resistivity, subzero temperature, and liquid water saturation. In the literature, a consensus has not been reached on the form of this relationship, and a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling the resistivity of frozen ground is needed. This study used a unique laboratory apparatus to collect electrical resistivity tomography data for a uniform porous medium at temperatures from −20 to 25°C for a range of initial water saturations. Archie's equation was modified to include the effects of temperature above and below 0°C. Resistivity data collected below 0°C were used to estimate temperature‐dependent liquid water saturation and fluid resistivity. The amount of unfrozen water remaining at a given temperature was not related to initial water saturation and was nearly identical for all initial saturations at temperatures below about −5°C. The dependence of resistivity–temperature curves on initial water saturation at subzero temperatures was caused by differences in fluid resistivity as a result of ion exclusion during freezing. The relationships established in this study provide insight into the physical mechanisms that govern the resistivity of porous media at subzero temperatures and a starting point for quantitative analysis of resistivity data collected in frozen ground.

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“…For example, the nature of the freezing process in a soil system determines the location and structure of the ice within the pores. Although the exact mechanism of freez- Dillon & Andersland (1966); w using isothermol calorimetry. **Mitchell (1976) reports SSA for Kaolinite as 10-20 m /g; this gives a thickness of 159A at -1 0 C and 69A at -10 0 C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ttComputed from grain size curves using method by Dillon and Andersland (1966), without due consideration of any clay fraction. tttw from Tice et al (1978) using pulsed NMR techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Creep of Frozen Sands: Qualitative and Quantitative Models.

Ting¹

1981

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This thesis develops better qualitative and quantitative models for the time-dependent mechanical behavior of frozen sands. By drawing upon an extensive literature survey, unconfined creep data for frozen sand, and a series of creep tests on glass beads made wetting and nonwetting, various physical mechanisms controlling the strength and deformational behavior of frozen soil are proposed, discussed, evaluated and quantified. These mechanisms are: ice strength, soil strength, and mechanical interaction through structural hindrance and dilatancy effects. Based on these mechanisms, a qualitative model is proposed which can consistently explain the existing observations regarding the influence of relative density, ice saturation, temperature, confining stress and time on the strength and creep behavior of frozen sand.The nature of the linear relationship between the logarithm of the minimum strain rate and the logarithm of the time to this minimum observed from creep tests on ice, soil and frozen soil is examined and explained. This relationship is shown to be due to the existence of an approximately constant strain at the minimum strain rate, and the relative insensitivity of this log-log plot to small deviations from this constant strain value. Two qualitative models for fitting and predicting the minimum strain rate and time to this minimum for unconfined creep of frozen sand are developed and evaluated. Each can typically predict the minimum strain rate and time to minimum to within 44 times the actual values using a limited experimental program.New empirical relationships capable of describing the entire strain rate-time and strain-time data for the unconfined creep *of frozen sands from the primary stage through the tertiary stage are also developed. The parameters for each model can be evaluated from a simple technique to yield excellent fits of the data. Reliable predictions of the creep behavior can also be obtained with a relatively small number of tests. The models typically predict the minimum strain rate to izhin +_3 times and the strain at the minimum to within 70% of the actual values.

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Predicting Unfrozen Water Contents in Frozen Soils

Cited by 55 publications

References 2 publications

A Simplified Model for the Phase Composition Curve of Saline Soils Considering the Second Phase Transition

A Simplified Model for the Phase Composition Curve of Saline Soils Considering the Second Phase Transition

Electrical Resistivity of a Partially Saturated Porous Medium at Subzero Temperatures

The Creep of Frozen Sands: Qualitative and Quantitative Models.

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