Predicting the Magnetic Fields of a Stealth CME Detected by Parker Solar Probe at 0.5 au

Palmerio, Erika; Kay, C.; Al-Haddad, Nada; Lynch, B. J.; Yu, Wenyuan; Stevens, Michael L.; Pal, Sanchita; Lee, Christina O.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac25f4

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This study once again demonstrates the importance of CME observations from far off the Sun-Earth line made possible by the STEREO mission, not only to detect minor CMEs, but also to confirm that they are earthbound. The usefulness of off-limb EUV observations from STEREO-A to identify an approximate source region on the Earth-facing disc was also demonstrated by O'Kane et al (2021a) and Palmerio et al (2021a) for stealth CMEs that erupted as recently as 2020. This is particularly crucial when multiple CMEs occur within a short period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated with “Stealth” Coronal Mass Ejections

et al. 2021

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Geomagnetic storms are an important aspect of space weather and can result in significant impacts on space- and ground-based assets. The majority of strong storms are associated with the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the near-Earth environment. In many cases, these ICMEs can be traced back unambiguously to a specific coronal mass ejection (CME) and solar activity on the frontside of the Sun. Hence, predicting the arrival of ICMEs at Earth from routine observations of CMEs and solar activity currently makes a major contribution to the forecasting of geomagnetic storms. However, it is clear that some ICMEs, which may also cause enhanced geomagnetic activity, cannot be traced back to an observed CME, or, if the CME is identified, its origin may be elusive or ambiguous in coronal images. Such CMEs have been termed “stealth CMEs”. In this review, we focus on these “problem” geomagnetic storms in the sense that the solar/CME precursors are enigmatic and stealthy. We start by reviewing evidence for stealth CMEs discussed in past studies. We then identify several moderate to strong geomagnetic storms (minimum Dst $< -50$ < − 50 nT) in solar cycle 24 for which the related solar sources and/or CMEs are unclear and apparently stealthy. We discuss the solar and in situ circumstances of these events and identify several scenarios that may account for their elusive solar signatures. These range from observational limitations (e.g., a coronagraph near Earth may not detect an incoming CME if it is diffuse and not wide enough) to the possibility that there is a class of mass ejections from the Sun that have only weak or hard-to-observe coronal signatures. In particular, some of these sources are only clearly revealed by considering the evolution of coronal structures over longer time intervals than is usually considered. We also review a variety of numerical modelling approaches that attempt to advance our understanding of the origins and consequences of stealthy solar eruptions with geoeffective potential. Specifically, we discuss magnetofrictional modelling of the energisation of stealth CME source regions and magnetohydrodynamic modelling of the physical processes that generate stealth CME or CME-like eruptions, typically from higher altitudes in the solar corona than CMEs from active regions or extended filament channels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated with “Stealth” Coronal Mass Ejections

et al. 2021

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show abstract

“…This study once again demonstrates the importance of CME observations from far off the Sun-Earth line made possible by the STEREO mission, not only to detect minor CMEs, but also to confirm that they are earthbound. The usefulness of off-limb EUV observations from STEREO-A to identify an approximate source region on the Earth-facing disc was also demonstrated by O' Kane et al (2021a) and Palmerio et al (2021a) for stealth CMEs that erupted as recently as 2020. This is particularly crucial when multiple CMEs occur within a short period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated With "Stealth" Coronal Mass Ejections

Nitta,

Mulligan,

Kilpua

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Geomagnetic storms are an important aspect of space weather and can result in significant impacts on space-and ground-based assets. The majority of strong storms are associated with the passage of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) in the near-Earth environment. In many cases, these ICMEs can be traced back unambiguously to a specific coronal mass ejection (CME) and solar activity on the frontside of the Sun. Hence, predicting the arrival of ICMEs at Earth from routine observations of CMEs and solar activity currently makes a major contribution to the forecasting of geomagnetic storms. However, it is clear that some ICMEs, which may also cause enhanced geomagnetic activity, cannot be traced back to an observed CME, or, if the CME is identified, its origin may be elusive or ambiguous in coronal images. Such CMEs have been termed "stealth CMEs". In this review, we focus on these "problem" geomagnetic storms in the sense that the solar/CME precursors are enigmatic and stealthy. We start by reviewing evidence for stealth CMEs discussed in past studies. We then identify several moderate to strong geomagnetic storms (minimum Dst < −50 nT) in solar cycle 24 for which the related solar sources and/or CMEs are unclear and apparently stealthy. We discuss the solar and in situ circumstances of these events and identify several scenarios that may account for their elusive solar signatures. These range from observational limitations (e.g., a coronagraph near Earth may not detect an incoming CME if it is diffuse and not wide enough) to the possibility that there is a class of mass ejections from the Sun that have only weak or hard-to-observe coronal signatures. In particular, some of these sources are only clearly revealed by considering the evolution of coronal structures over longer time intervals than is usually considered. We also review a variety of numerical modelling approaches that attempt to advance our understanding of the origins and consequences of stealthy solar eruptions with geoeffective potential. Specifically, we discuss magnetofrictional modelling of the energisation of stealth CME source regions and magnetohydrodynamic modelling of the physical processes that generate stealth CME or CME-like eruptions, typically from higher altitudes in the solar corona than CMEs from active regions or extended filament channels.

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“…This structure moves in a "rolling" fashion (most evident in the associated movie), which is a common characteristics for slow, quiet-Sun eruptions during solar minimum (e.g., Panasenco et al 2013). The CME started leaving the Sun already on late September 27, 2020, and completely left the EUVI field of view about 2 days later, which is a typical time-frame for SBO-CMEs (e.g., Vourlidas & Webb 2018;Liewer et al 2021;Palmerio et al 2021). We note that the strong southward deflection observed in EUVI imagery is not reflected in COR2 data (Figure 2), where the CME is seen to propagate almost radially along the direction of the overlying coronal streamer.…”

Section: Flankmentioning

confidence: 89%

PSP/IS$\odot$IS Observation of a Solar Energetic Particle Event Associated With a Streamer Blowout Coronal Mass Ejection During Encounter 6

Getachew,

McComas,

Joyce

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this paper we examine a low-energy SEP event observed by IS IS's Energetic Particle Instrument-Low (EPI-Lo) inside 0.18 AU on September 30, 2020. This small SEP event has a very interesting time profile and ion composition. Our results show that the maximum energy and peak in intensity is observed mainly along the open radial magnetic field. The event shows velocity dispersion, and strong particle anisotropies are observed throughout the event showing that more particles are streaming outward from the Sun. We do not see a shock in the in-situ plasma or magnetic field data throughout the event. Heavy ions, such as O and Fe were detected in addition to protons and 4He, but without significant enhancements in 3He or energetic electrons. Our analysis shows that this event is associated with a slow streamer-blowout coronal mass ejection (SBO-CME) and the signatures of this small CME event are consistent with those typical of larger CME events. The time-intensity profile of this event shows that PSP encountered the western flank of the SBO-CME. The anisotropic and dispersive nature of this event in a shockless local plasma give indications that these particles are most likely accelerated remotely near the Sun by a weak shock or compression wave ahead of the SBO-CME. This event may represent direct observations of the source of low-energy SEP seed particle population.

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Predicting the Magnetic Fields of a Stealth CME Detected by Parker Solar Probe at 0.5 au

Cited by 26 publications

References 61 publications

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated with “Stealth” Coronal Mass Ejections

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated with “Stealth” Coronal Mass Ejections

Understanding the Origins of Problem Geomagnetic Storms Associated With "Stealth" Coronal Mass Ejections

PSP/IS$\odot$IS Observation of a Solar Energetic Particle Event Associated With a Streamer Blowout Coronal Mass Ejection During Encounter 6

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