Predicting the ferrite grain size in low-alloy steel

Abstract

Mathematical models are proposed for calculating the onset temperature of ferrite transformation and the ferrite grain size as a function of the cooling conditions and the initial austenite grain size. The models are calibrated on the basis of experimental data for steels with ferrite-pearlite microstructure. The models are integrated in HSMM software, with considerable gain in computational power when considering the mechanical properties of steel rolled on the 2000 mill at OAO Severstal'.

Diffusion Saturation by Titanium from Liquid-Metal Media as Way to Increase Carbide-Tipped Tool Life

“…The coating applied by diffusion metallization with the use of our technology [3] by immersing the carbide plates in the ampoule with the melt fusible and exposure under isothermal conditions in the environment of inert gases. As fusible melt delivering the item to the surface of the coated products were used, the melt eutectic lead-bismuth-lithium, in which in a predetermined amount was injected to the titanium.…”

“…Operational properties of cutting tools can be significantly improve by drawing on their surface coating. For the application of coatings on carbide-tipped tools are currently the most widely used three methods: the first method is a method of chemical deposition of coatings (CVD), the second physical deposition method (PVD), and the third chemical-thermal treatment [1][2][3].…”

“…The most common use of CVD have found the following compounds: TiC, TiCN, TiN, and Al2O3. Common shortcomings СVD technologies are the complexity of equipment, the need to use toxic and explosive gases and compounds [1][2][3].…”

“…Physical method of coating deposition, PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) based on deposition with pre-ionization of the elements of the coating in a vaporous aggregate state to the solid substrate. The disadvantages of the formation of PVD the complexity of the process equipment, requiring the use of vacuum equipment, limited by the item form of covered products, the small thickness of the coatings and the need for the deposition of multilayer coatings [1][2][3].…”

“…The process of diffusion metallization from media of the fusible liquid metal solutions based on the phenomenon of isothermal, selective transfer of elements of the coating dissolved in the melt low-melting, at the surface with subsequent diffusion interaction of elements of the coating to the base material of the product [1,3].…”