Predicting the employment of minority officers in U.S. cities: OLS fixed-effect panel model results for African American and Latino officers for 1993, 1996, and 2000

Zhao, Jihong; He, Ni; Lovrich, Nicholas P.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2005.04.007

Cited by 27 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Consistent with their earlier research, Zhao et al (2005) report that the percentage of blacks is positively related to the percentage of black police officers (b ¼ 0:52, p , 0:05).…”

Section: Pijpsm 334supporting

confidence: 85%

“…In addition to their cross-sectional examinations of the determinants of black employment as police officers, Zhao et al (2005) collected panel data at three points in time and conducted a pooled time series analysis of the determinants of several measures of minority police force size. Consistent with their earlier research, Zhao et al (2005) report that the percentage of blacks is positively related to the percentage of black police officers (b ¼ 0:52, p , 0:05).…”

Section: Pijpsm 334mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macro social determinants of black police force size

Chamlin

Sanders²

2010

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &Amp; Management

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If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comAbstract Purpose -Consistent with both conflict and economic theories of crime control, recent research indicates that there is a linear, positive association between the racial composition of cities and black employment as law enforcement officers. The purpose of this paper is to distinguish between these competing explanations for variations in the racial make-up of police departments and examine the nonlinear effects of the relative population size of blacks on black police force size for a sample of US cities. Design/methodology/approach -The paper specifies and estimates four OLS regression equations to assess the linear and nonlinear effects of the percentage of blacks on black police force size for a sample of US cities. Findings -As predicted by economic theory, the percentage of blacks exhibits a positive, nonlinear relationship with black police force size. Thus, it would appear that as their relative population size increases, blacks are able to translate their numerical advantage into pressure resources to secure coveted positions in law enforcement. Research limitations/implications -While the demonstration of a significant, nonlinear relationship between the percentage of blacks and black police force size lends substantial credence to economic theory, it reveals nothing about the manner in which numerical advantage is converted into political clout and, ultimately, employment in law enforcement (or other municipal agencies). Clearly, if a better understanding this process us ti be gained, measures need to be identified and devised for the casual mechanisms that mediate the influence of the relative population size of blacks on black police force size. Originality/value -This paper represents the first attempt to distinguish between economic and conflict explanations for variations in black police force size among municipalities.

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“…Consistent with their earlier research, Zhao et al (2005) report that the percentage of blacks is positively related to the percentage of black police officers (b ¼ 0:52, p , 0:05).…”

Section: Pijpsm 334supporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Pijpsm 334mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macro social determinants of black police force size

Chamlin

Sanders²

2010

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &Amp; Management

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“…In the absence of a fixed-effects assumption, pooled time series models using cross-sectionally dominant data will explain variation across units and over time, but most of the explained variance will be across units (Zhao, He, & Lovrich, 2005). Thus, pooled time-series analysis with a random effects assumption and the observation of a significant and negatively signed coefficient means that units with higher percentages of Latinos in a job category tend to have lower percentages of Blacks or vice versa.…”

Section: Addressing Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interethnic Competition for Classroom Teacher, Assistant Principal, Principal, and Administrator Jobs in Multiethnic U.S. School Districts, 2002-2008

Kerr

Miller

Kerr

et al. 2014

The American Review of Public Administration

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Previous research on interethnic competition has not examined public school jobs across the United States. We use U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data to answer two research questions. What are the levels of under-and over-representation in various public school jobs among African Americans, Latinos, and White non-Latinos? And, is there interethnic competition for these positions? Answers to these questions have implications for resource distribution and the future of representational equity. Based on analysis of 267 multiethnic U.S. school districts for 2002 and 2008, we find that Latinos are underrepresented in all four job categories and that non-Latino Whites are overrepresented or achieve near-parity in all four categories. On average, Blacks are overrepresented among assistant principals and principals but underrepresented among classroom teachers and administrators. Competition between minorities and non-minorities is more prevalent than competition between Blacks and Latinos. Among districts in which we find competition between Blacks and Latinos, competition does not heavily favor one group over the other for assistant principal, principal, and administrator positions; however, among classroom teachers, districts with Latino gains and Black losses outnumber those with Black gains and Latino losses by greater than 2 to 1. In low Latino growth districts, Latinos outpace Blacks in competition for teacher positions, but in high Latino growth districts, Blacks outpace Latinos for administrator positions.

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“…Klinger and Brunson [4] also advise that sharing research findings regarding officers' perceptions during deadly force encounters may prove informing to the public. Additionally, since the 1970s and more so through the 1990s, police departments, specifically the larger ones, have become more diverse and representative of the minority populations they serve [5,28]. In their study predicting the employment of minority officers, Zhao et al [28] found that the presence of a minority police chief and city mayor was correlated with the increased representation of minority officers in the police department.…”

Section: Public Perception Of Police Use Of Deadly Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, since the 1970s and more so through the 1990s, police departments, specifically the larger ones, have become more diverse and representative of the minority populations they serve [5,28]. In their study predicting the employment of minority officers, Zhao et al [28] found that the presence of a minority police chief and city mayor was correlated with the increased representation of minority officers in the police department. The authors further indicate that the increased representation may be related to an enhanced pool of applicants from the community.…”

Section: Public Perception Of Police Use Of Deadly Forcementioning

confidence: 99%

Latino Officers and Their Involvement in Police Shootings

McElvain

Kposowa

2014

Journal of Criminology

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With an emphasis to examine Latino officers who have been involved in police shootings, this study analyzed twenty-one years (1990–2010) of data from one of the largest law enforcement departments in the United States. The study compared Latino population trends in the United States, the State of California, a southern California County, and focused on the representativeness of Latinos in one southern California law enforcement department. The analysis further investigated police shootings by the race of the officer, narrowing the focus to determine whether an increasing representativeness of Latino officers had any effect on police shootings. Results revealed that while the percentage of White officers in the department decreased and Latino officers increased, so too did their involvement in police shootings. Most surprisingly, Latino officer-involved shootings outpaced their growth in the department by a factor of 3.3 and in the county by a factor of more than 4.

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Predicting the employment of minority officers in U.S. cities: OLS fixed-effect panel model results for African American and Latino officers for 1993, 1996, and 2000

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Macro social determinants of black police force size

Macro social determinants of black police force size

Interethnic Competition for Classroom Teacher, Assistant Principal, Principal, and Administrator Jobs in Multiethnic U.S. School Districts, 2002-2008

Latino Officers and Their Involvement in Police Shootings

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