Predicting Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows Using Machine Learning Techniques

Satoła, Alicja; Bauer, Edyta

doi:10.3390/ani11072131

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Ketosis is a common disease in dairy herds worldwide (Brunner et al, 2019). Exceeding the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum above 1.0-1.2-1.4 mmol/L has been proposed as a criterion for diagnosing subclinical ketosis (Satoła & Bauer, 2021;Krempaský et al, 2014). Some publications suggest that due to the negative impact on the health and productivity of cows, the threshold value should be considered as 0.9 mmol/L (Jansen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical abnormality in the Brown Swiss breed cows affected with ketosis in the perinatal period

Yefimov

2023

TAVM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ketosis is widespread disturbance among dairy cows, causing significant economic losses and requiring further study of its pathogenesis. This particularly applies to less traditional dairy breeds, including the Brown Swiss. The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical indicators in the Brown Swiss breed cows of different age at a stage with prevalent ketosis. The research was conducted on a dairy cow herd with a ketosis level exceeding 30%. Blood samples were collected from primiparous cows and cows in their 2nd-3rd lactation 5-7 days before calving (group BC), post calving 2-3 days (group 2-3 PC), and 7-10 days (group 7-10 PC). Biochemical indicators of blood serum aimed at determining the level of lipomobilization, ketone bodies, and liver function were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer. In the group of primiparous cows 2-3 PC, there was an increase in the content of beta-hydroxybutyrate by 1.83 times, and ketonemia was observed in 40% of cows. The postpartum period in primiparous cows was accompanied by an increase non-esterified fatty acids concentration by 1.75-2 times. The level of AST was the lowest in the serum of gestating cows several days before calving, whereas after calving, an increase was observed. It was discovered that each group had animals with AST levels above 100 U/L. There were 20 % of animals in the 5-7 pre-calving group, and 80% in the 7-10 post-calving group. The level of total bilirubin in the group of primiparous cows 2-3 PC exceeded the level BC by 3.14 times, and in the group 7-10 post-calving by 2.67 times. In the BC group, 20% of cows during their 2nd-3rd lactation were found to have ketonemia, with beta-hydroxybutyrate level 1.43 mmol/L in the serum. The highest level of ketone bodies was detected in cows from the group 2-3 PC, with 60% showing subclinical and 20% showing clinical ketosis. Similarly to primiparous cows, cows in their 2nd-3rd lactation exhibited the development of negative energy balance in the postpartum period. In the group of cows BC, AST activity exceeded 100 U/L in 20% of animals, while in the groups 2-3 PC and 7-10 PC, the number of such animals reached 60%. These changes were accompanied by hyperbilirubinemia, which was observed after calving in 80% of cows in both groups. Therefore, an increase non-esterified fatty acids levels was observed in the postpartum period in primiparous cows and cows in their 2nd-3rd lactation of the Brown Swiss breed. The results indicate the development of lipomobilization syndrome. The most pronounced signs of ketosis development were observed in primiparous cows on days 7-10 after calving, while in multiparous cows, it was detected on days 2-3. The development of negative energy balance led to signs of liver damage characteristic of lipidosis -an increase in total bilirubin levels and, to a lesser extent, AST activity. Biochemical index changes during post-calving period were observed in primiparous cow with more prominent level. However, during late dry period metabolic disorders were detected in mu...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical abnormality in the Brown Swiss breed cows affected with ketosis in the perinatal period

Yefimov

2023

TAVM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The prevalence of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cows ranges from 7.5% to 14%. Cows with subclinical ketosis have a 4.9 times higher chance of developing metritis, a 6.1 times higher chance of developing displaced abomasum, and a 1.98 times higher chance of developing hoof diseases [ 87 ].…”

Section: Ketosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Tufarelli,

Puvača,

Glamočić

et al. 2024

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of three critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3–6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, is scrutinized with a focus on its etiological factors and the physiological changes leading to elevated ketone bodies. In total mix ration-fed herds, an increased risk of mastitis and reduced fertility are usually the first clinical signs of ketosis. All dairy cows in early lactation are at risk of ketosis, with most cases occurring in the first 2–4 weeks of lactation. Cows with a body condition score ≥3.75 on a 5-point scale at calving are at a greater risk of ketosis than those with lower body condition scores. The determination of serum or whole blood acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and liver biopsies is considered the best way to detect and monitor subclinical ketosis, while urine or milk cowside tests can also be used in on-farm monitoring programs. Concentrations >1.0 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L blood or serum BHB are considered diagnostic of subclinical ketosis. The standard threshold used for blood is 1.2 mmol/L, which corresponds to thresholds of 100 mcmol/L for milk and 15 mg/dL for urine. Oral administration of propylene glycol (250–400 g, every 24 h for 3–5 days) is the standard and most efficacious treatment, as well as additional therapy with bolus glucose treatment. Hypocalcemia is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition. Dairy cows are at considerable risk for hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation, when daily calcium excretion suddenly increases from about 10 g to 30 g per day. Cows with hypocalcemia have a more profound decrease in blood calcium concentration—typically below 5.5 mg/dL. The prevention of parturient paresis has been historically approached by feeding cows low-calcium diets during the dry period. Negative calcium balance triggers calcium mobilization before calving and better equips the cow to respond to the massive calcium needs at the onset of lactation. Calcium intake must be limited to <20 g per day for calcium restriction to be effective. The most practical and proven method for monitoring hypocalcemia is by feeding cows an acidogenic diet for ~3 weeks before calving. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.

show abstract

“…When the NEFA production exceeds the metabolic capacity of the liver, the incomplete oxidation of NEFA produces ketone bodies, resulting in ketosis ( Contreras and Sordillo, 2011 ; Daros et al, 2022 ). Ketosis is a major metabolic disease in transition dairy cows, with prevalence rates of clinical and subclinical ketosis ranging from 4 to 10% and 10 to 50%, respectively ( Satoła and Bauer, 2021 ). Ketosis can severely affect the health of dairy cows by increasing the risk of other diseases and veterinary costs and reducing reproductive performance ( Suthar et al, 2013 ; Rutherford et al, 2016 ; Cainzos et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for potential warning biomarkers in cows with ketosis based on host–microbiota co-metabolism analysis

Du,

Luo,

Huang

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionThe risk of ketosis is assessed by monitoring changes in plasma metabolites and cow behavior during the peripartum period. However, little is known about changes in the fecal bile acid and microbiota of cows before parturition. Therefore, this study clarified the bile acid profile and screened potential warning biomarkers in heifers 7 days before calving.MethodsNinety healthy cows were tracked in the transition period, and plasma and feces were collected 7 days before calving, on calving day, and 7 days after calving. The cows were divided into ketosis and healthy groups based on the blood β-hydroxybutyric acid levels from day 7 after calving. The levels of serum biochemical indices were measured at three time points using commercial kits. Ten cows in the ketosis group (KET-7) and 10 healthy cows (HEA-7) were randomly selected 7 days before calving for metabolome and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.ResultsNo significant differences in serum energy-related indices were observed 7 days before calving. The major bile acids in the feces of the KET-7 group were non-conjugated secondary bile acids (UnconSBA). Differential bile acids were primarily derived from UnconSBA. The potential ketosis warning metabolite in feces for 7 days before delivery was isodeoxycholic acid. The abundance of Rikenellaaceae-RC9-gut-group in the KET-7 group increased, whereas the abundance of Oscillospiraceae UCG-010 bacteria significantly decreased. Lactobacillus and Prevotella-9 in feces were potential warning biomarkers for ketosis in dairy cows 7 days before calving. The variation in differential bile acids in the plasma, consistent with the feces, was mainly derived from UnconSBA. Lithocholic acid in the plasma was a potential ketosis warning metabolite 7 days before delivery.ConclusionKetotic cows experienced bile acid metabolism disorders 7 days before calving, and the gut microbiota was closely related to bile acid metabolism disorders. Future studies should investigate the relationship between secondary bile acids and the development of ketosis.

show abstract

Predicting Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Cows Using Machine Learning Techniques

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Biochemical abnormality in the Brown Swiss breed cows affected with ketosis in the perinatal period

Biochemical abnormality in the Brown Swiss breed cows affected with ketosis in the perinatal period

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Screening for potential warning biomarkers in cows with ketosis based on host–microbiota co-metabolism analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About