“…Like the studies of Romero, López, Luna, and Ventura (2013) and Huang, Dasgupta, Ghosh, Manning, and Sanders (2014), we utilize numbers of notional words (NW) in all posts, notional words used per post (AN), sentences (ST), asking questions (AQ) and expressing opinions (EO) to respectively represent engagement indicators of each student in forums, wherein NW and AN are word-level features, ST, AQ and EO are sentence-level features. Especially, unlike the previous research, we only extract notional words referring to terms with specific notions, ideas or other actual meanings, such as a person, a thing, an act, an emotional orientation or an evaluation object, in contrast to a relational word without semantics.…”