Predicting prolific live streaming of child sexual abuse

Cubitt, Timothy; Napier, Sarah; Brown, Rick

doi:10.52922/ti78320

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Characteristics. Regarding the characteristics, Cubitt et al (2021) analyzed the age of offenders of LSCSA and found that ages ranged from 20 to 76 years, and the average age of the offender was 52 years. Other studies have shown a range of between 50 and 60 years and 42 and 72 years of age (Brown et al, 2020;Napier et al, 2021a).…”

Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have used the same data source to some extent, and it is therefore unclear if there is any overlap in their findings. A distinction was made between low-volume and high-volume offenders (Cubitt et al, 2021). High-volume offenders were the 10% of the data sample with the highest number of transactions.…”

Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the study looked at the criminal records of these offenders and found that a history of low-harm offending was common. Prior sex offences were not a significant predictor of prolific livestreaming (Cubitt et al, 2021). Further, a number of the offences were "opportunistic in nature" (Napier et al, 2021b, p.14); for example, the offender was offered an opportunity to watch child sexual abuse while initially paying for adult women to perform sexual acts.…”

Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review

Drejer

Riegler

Halvorsen

et al. 2023

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Livestreaming of child sexual abuse (LSCSA) is an established form of online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA). However, only a limited body of research has examined this issue. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated internet use and user knowledge of livestreaming services emphasizing the importance of understanding this crime. In this scoping review, existing literature was brought together through an iterative search of eight databases containing peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as grey literature. Records were eligible for inclusion if the primary focus was on livestream technology and OCSEA, the child being defined as eighteen years or younger. Fourteen of the 2,218 records were selected. The data were charted and divided into four categories: victims, offenders, legislation, and technology. Limited research, differences in terminology, study design, and population inclusion criteria present a challenge to drawing general conclusions on the current state of LSCSA. The records show that victims are predominantly female. The average livestream offender was found to be older than the average online child sexual abuse offender. Therefore, it is unclear whether the findings are representative of the global population of livestream offenders. Furthermore, there appears to be a gap in what the records show on platforms and payment services used and current digital trends. The lack of a legal definition and privacy considerations pose a challenge to investigation, detection, and prosecution. The available data allow some insights into a potentially much larger issue.

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Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Offendersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review

Drejer

Riegler

Halvorsen

et al. 2023

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several additional variables were generated for analysis. A prolific livestreaming variable was produced, as suggested by Cubitt et al (2021). It was unusual for CSA live-streaming offenders to transact more than 20 times.…”

Section: Additional Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the harm to victims of technologically enabled abuse is substantial, and consistent with contact offenses (Puffer et al, 2014). Although some analytical evidence has emerged (Brown et al, 2020; Cubitt et al, 2021), the technologically and financially enabled nature of these offenses (Europol, 2019) mean data are difficult to obtain, and when available, samples are often small.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Offline Criminal Behavior of Individuals Who Live Stream Child Sexual Abuse

Cubitt

Napier

Brown

2022

J Interpers Violence

Self Cite

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Live streaming of child sexual abuse (CSA) involves the procurement and viewing of sexual abuse of children across the internet in real time, in exchange for money. These offenses leave little tangible evidence of the offense beyond a financial transaction, and metadata relating to the live-streaming session. This research analyzed the demographic, criminal history, and financial transaction characteristics of 209 individuals who live streamed child sexual abuse. A machine learning clustering technique was implemented to consider whether there were sub-groups present among these offenders, and in particular the prevalence of contact sexual offending among any detected sub-groups. Findings revealed that offenders tend to engage in live streaming around the same age, before making regular transactions with facilitators at brief intervals, with the majority of offenders featuring limited criminal history. This analysis identified a notable sub-group of live-streaming offenders that also engaged in contact sexual offending. This is the first study to empirically demonstrate an intersection between live streaming of CSA, and contact sexual offenses against children and adults. This research highlighted the importance of financial transactions data in detecting, and disrupting this crime type. Further, the identification of an intersection between live-streaming CSA offenders, and contact sexual offenders suggests that these individuals may pose a risk to both local and international communities.

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Child sexual abuse material on the darknet

Gannon,

Blokland,

Huikuri

et al. 2023

Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol

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By routing traffic through a random combination of servers worldwide, the darknet obfuscates the identity of its users, making it an attractive medium for journalists, dissidents, and individuals committing crimes. Since 2008, access to the darknet has been facilitated by the The Onion Router (TOR) browser, bringing the darknet within reach of an increasingly wider audience. Tens of thousands of darknet forums serve the criminal needs of millions of users each day and hundreds of these darknet forums are especially dedicated to the exchange of child sexual abuse materials (CSAM). Practitioners who work with men with sexual offences may therefore face individuals whose sexual offences occurred partly or wholly in the darknet. In the current review article, we summarize both the scientific literature and evidence obtained from CSAM forum “take-downs,” to describe the organization of darknet CSAM forums and the activities of their members. These forums report large and international memberships of individuals who, much like mainstream social media, interact online on a regular basis, creating large, online communities in which like-minded individuals can socialize and barter CSAM with minimal risk of discovery. Not all forum members contribute equally to the community, and especially administrators appear indispensable for the proper functioning of the CSAM forum. Implications for future research and law enforcement are discussed.

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Predicting prolific live streaming of child sexual abuse

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review

Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review

Understanding the Offline Criminal Behavior of Individuals Who Live Stream Child Sexual Abuse

Child sexual abuse material on the darknet

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