Predicting personalised remifentanil effect site concentration for surgical incision using the nociception level index

Abstract

BACKGROUNDInadequate antinociception can cause haemodynamic instability. The nociception level (NOL) index measures response to noxious stimuli, but its capacity to predict optimal antinociception is unknown.OBJECTIVETo determine if NOL index change to a tetanic stimulus in cardiac and noncardiac surgery patients could predict the required remifentanil concentration for haemodynamic stability at skin incision.DESIGNA prospective two-phase cohort study.SETTINGUniversity hospital.PATIENTSPatients undergoing remifentanil-propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) anaesthesia.INTERVENTIONSDuring the calibration phase, investigators evaluated the tetanic stimulus induced NOL index change under standardised TCI remifentanil-propofol anaesthesia during a no-touch period [bispectral index (BIS) between 40 and 60, NOL index under 15]. If the NOL index change was 20 or greater following tetanic stimulation, investigators repeated the tetanus at higher remifentanil concentrations until the response was blunted. Surgeons incised the skin at this remifentanil concentration. The investigators derived a prediction model and in the validation phase calculated, using the NOL response to a single tetanus, the required incision remifentanil concentration for the start of surgery.MAIN OUTCOMEHaemodynamic stability at incision [i.e. maximum heart rate (HR) < 20% increase from baseline, minimum HR (40 bpm) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ± <20% of baseline].RESULTSDuring the calibration phase, no patient had hypertension. Two patients had a HR increase slightly greater than 20% (25.4 and 26.7%) within the first 2 min of surgery, but neither of these two patients had a HR above 76 bpm. Two patients were slightly hypotensive after incision (MAP 64 and 73 mmHg). During the validation phase, neither tachycardia nor hypotension occurred, but MAP increased to 21.5% above baseline for one patient.CONCLUSIONDuring a no-touch period in patients under steady-state general anaesthesia [propofol effect site concentration (Ce) required for BIS between 40 and 60], the NOL index response to a tetanic stimulus under remifentanil antinociception can be used to personalise remifentanil Ce for the start of surgery and ensure stable haemodynamics.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03324269

Nociception level index-guided antinociception versus routine care during remifentanil-propofol anaesthesia for moderate-to-high risk cardiovascular surgery

“…First, older patients with cardiovascular disease sometimes receive more opioid than necessary to block nociception. 6 Second, patients having cardiovascular surgery are at special risk of complications from haemodynamic instability. Titrating anaesthesia to individual needs may therefore smooth anaesthesia and help maintain haemodynamic stability.…”

“…The distinction between noncardiovascular and cardiovascular surgery is potentially important. First, older patients with cardiovascular disease sometimes receive more opioid than necessary to block nociception 6 . Second, patients having cardiovascular surgery are at special risk of complications from haemodynamic instability.…”