Predicting pathogen risks to aid beach management: The real value of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)

Ashbolt, Nicholas J.; Schoen, Mary E.; Soller, Jeffrey A.; Roser, David

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.048

Cited by 129 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Over the past decade, QMRA has increasingly been applied to hazard estimations for recreational water quality, and enterococci are frequently employed in these models (13,329). Schoen et al (285) found that measurements of levels of enterococci by culture methods are likely to underestimate the risk of gastroenteritis caused by enteric viruses in recreational waters where contamination is from mixed sources; in contrast, qPCR estimates of densities of enterococci were more reliable predictors of norovirus and human health risk.…”

Section: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…QMRA has been recommended as an important component of a "holistic" approach to recreational water quality assessment (13), which includes extensive knowledge of the watershed(s), including potential pathogen sources and transport pathways. An important caveat in all risk assessment models that use FIB as surrogates is that the ratio of FIB to pathogens is highly variable in contaminating fecal material and in water samples (13); therefore, users must be cognizant of the limitations of such models.…”

Section: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

538

383

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SUMMARYEnterococci are common, commensal members of gut communities in mammals and birds, yet they are also opportunistic pathogens that cause millions of human and animal infections annually. Because they are shed in human and animal feces, are readily culturable, and predict human health risks from exposure to polluted recreational waters, they are used as surrogates for waterborne pathogens and as fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in research and in water quality testing throughout the world. Evidence from several decades of research demonstrates, however, that enterococci may be present in high densities in the absence of obvious fecal sources and that environmental reservoirs of these FIB are important sources and sinks, with the potential to impact water quality. This review focuses on the distribution and microbial ecology of enterococci in environmental (secondary) habitats, including the effect of environmental stressors; an outline of their known and apparent sources, sinks, and fluxes; and an overview of the use of enterococci as FIB. Finally, the significance of emerging methodologies, such as microbial source tracking (MST) and empirical predictive models, as tools in water quality monitoring is addressed. The mounting evidence for widespread extraenteric sources and reservoirs of enterococci demonstrates the versatility of the genusEnterococcusand argues for the necessity of a better understanding of their ecology in natural environments, as well as their roles as opportunistic pathogens and indicators of human pathogens.

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Section: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci in the Environment

Byappanahalli

Nevers

Korajkic

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

538

383

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“…Urban water systems have been studied extensively regarding separate issues such as pollution degradation [20][21][22], nutrient removal [23][24][25], disinfection by-product and emerging contaminants' detection and removal [26][27][28], microbial risk [29][30][31], water scarcity [32,33], stormwater management [34,35], and financial issues [36][37][38] among others. However, it is worth re-examining them in the context of holistic analysis and explore new integrated solutions that break the traditional barriers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Water Systems for the City of Tomorrow—A Conceptual Framework

Xue

González-Mejía

et al. 2015

Sustainability

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Urban water systems are an example of complex, dynamic human-environment coupled systems which exhibit emergent behaviors that transcend individual scientific disciplines. While previous siloed approaches to water services (i.e., water resources, drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater) have led to great improvements in public health protection, sustainable solutions for a growing global population facing increased resource constraints demand a paradigm shift based on holistic management to maximize the use and recovery of water, energy, nutrients, and materials. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the issues in traditional water systems including water demand and use, centralized configuration, sewer collection systems, characteristics of mixed wastewater, and to explore alternative solutions such as decentralized water systems, fit for purpose and water reuse, OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 12072 natural/green infrastructure, vacuum sewer collection systems, and nutrient/energy recovery. This review also emphasizes a system thinking approach for evaluating alternatives that should include sustainability indicators and metrics such as emergy to assess global system efficiency. An example paradigm shift design for urban water system is presented, not as the recommended solution for all environments, but to emphasize the framework of system-level analysis and the need to visualize water services as an organic whole. When water systems are designed to maximize the resources and optimum efficiency, they are more prevailing and sustainable than siloed management because a system is more than the sum of its parts.

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“…Reduced uptake may be a part of a new means in controlling infectivity. The first step is modeling these processes for which these data are a vital initial foray into this knowledge space [174][175][176][177].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge to Predict Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila Lifecycle Critical Review Part I Uptake into Host Cells

Mraz

Weir

2018

Water

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Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an infectious disease agent of increasing concern due to its ability to cause Legionnaires' Disease, a severe community pneumonia, and the difficulty in controlling it within water systems. L. pneumophila thrives within the biofilm of premise plumbing systems, utilizing protozoan hosts for protection from disinfectants and other environmental stressors. While there is a great deal of information regarding how L. pneumophila interacts with protozoa and human macrophages (host for human infection), the ability to use this data in a model to attempt to predict a concentration of L. pneumophila in a water system is not known. The lifecycle of L. pneumophila within host cells involves three processes: uptake, growth, and egression from the host cell. The complexity of these three processes would risk conflation of the concepts; therefore, this review details the available information regarding how L. pneumophila invades host cells (uptake) within the context of data needed to model this process, while a second review will focus on growth and egression. The overall intent of both reviews is to detail how the steps in L. pneumophila's lifecycle in drinking water systems affect human infectivity, as opposed to detailing just its growth and persistence in drinking water systems.

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Predicting pathogen risks to aid beach management: The real value of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA)

Cited by 129 publications

References 94 publications

Enterococci in the Environment

Enterococci in the Environment

Sustainable Water Systems for the City of Tomorrow—A Conceptual Framework

Knowledge to Predict Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila Lifecycle Critical Review Part I Uptake into Host Cells

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