Predicting health risk from exposure to trihalomethanes in an Olympic-size indoor swimming pool among elite swimmers and coaches

Gouveia, P. Furtado; Felgueiras, Fátima; Mourão, Zenaida; Fernandes, Eduardo de Oliveira; Moreira, André; Gabriel, Marta Fonseca

doi:10.1080/15287394.2019.1634383

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In Portugal, 14,170 the reported THM concentrations in the pool air varied between 28 µg/m 3 and 906 µg/m 3 . Gouveia et al 14 used the measured values to predict multi‐pathway chronic daily intake (CDI), cancer risk (CR), and hazard index (HI), and they highlighted the need to develop comprehensive guidelines to safeguard the health of individuals involved in elite swimming. Sa et al 170 found that THM concentrations at 150 cm above water surface were about 30% lower than the corresponding values found at 5 cm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…air pollution, exercise, exposure, indoor air, indoor sports environment, indoor sports facilities particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 µm and <2.5 µm, respectively) emitted by the ice resurfacers, 3,11,12 and indoor swimming pools, with a focus on high concentrations of disinfection by-products (DBPs) (eg, trihalomethanes (THMs)). 13,14 In addition to these pollutants, also for example, ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes (eg, formaldehyde (HCHO)), ozone (O 3 ), and bioparticles (fungi and bacteria)) could be cause for health effects in some sports facilities. Besides, important comfort parameters-temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH)-may affect for example material emissions [15][16][17] and occupant's perception of the indoor air quality (IAQ) 18 and should be taken into account when evaluating exposure issues in sports facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although many studies of athletes' exposure to ambient air contaminants have been published, 6‐10 little work is known about the exposure to air pollutants in different indoor sports facilities. Available publications have been focused on ice arenas, with the most investigated pollutants being carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 , referring to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 µm and <2.5 µm, respectively) emitted by the ice resurfacers, 3,11,12 and indoor swimming pools, with a focus on high concentrations of disinfection by‐products (DBPs) (eg, trihalomethanes (THMs)) 13,14 . In addition to these pollutants, also for example, ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes (eg, formaldehyde (HCHO)), ozone (O 3 ), and bioparticles (fungi and bacteria)) could be cause for health effects in some sports facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

2020

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Physical activity is one of the most basic human functions and a significant basis of health. The World Health Organization (WHO) 1 recommends that adults, including older adults, undertake at least 2.5 hours of moderately intense aerobic activity per week. With an increasing number of sports enthusiasts worldwide, the number of indoor sports facilities and the number of workers in those facilities have also increased dramatically in the past decades. However, unlike residential areas and other types of public spaces, such as schools and offices, there is relatively little published research about air quality and exposure to different pollutants in various indoor sports facilities, 2,3 where a growing number of people exercise, work full or part time, or attend athletic events. 4,5 Although many studies of athletes' exposure to ambient air contaminants have been published, 6-10 little work is known about the exposure to air pollutants in different indoor sports facilities. Available publications have been focused on ice arenas, with the most investigated pollutants being carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 , referring to

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

2020

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“…It is worth noting that the majority of the studies evaluate the risk of cancer related to drinking water and not exposure in swimming-pools, so this lack of evidence should be considered with concern and not extrapolated. In fact, a recent study showed that for elite swimmers and their coaches, the levels of THMs in a Portuguese swimming-pool exceeded the limits for cancer risk 76 .…”

Section: Other Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools: Position Paper

Couto¹,

Bernard²,

Delgado³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming-pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination by-products (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since they have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations. The higher the concentration of these volatile CBPs in the water, the higher their concentration in the air above the pool, and different routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming-pools (water ingestion, skin absorption and inhalation) contribute to the individual exposome. CBPs may affect the respiratory and skin health of those who stay indoor for long periods, such as swimming instructors, pool staff, and competitive swimmers. Whether those who use chlorinated-pools as customers, particularly children, may also be affected has been a matter of debate. In this article, the EAACI Joint Task Force of the Working Group of Allergy, Asthma & Sports and the Interest Groupf of Environmental & Occupational Allergy discusses the current evidence regarding the health effects of both acute and chronic exposures in different populations (work-related exposures, intensive sports and recreational attendance) and identify the main recommendations and unmet needs for research in this area.

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“…Portuguese swimming pool exceeded the limits for cancer risk. 109 Regarding bladder cancer, epidemiologic evidence indicates that exposure to THMs increases its risk. 110,111 While the majority of the studies were related to drinking water, there are also studies finding increased risk of bladder cancer related to exposures to THMs through showering, bathing, or swimming.…”

Section: Other Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by‐products in swimming pools

Couto

Bernard

Delgado

et al. 2021

Allergy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination byproducts (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since some have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations.

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Predicting health risk from exposure to trihalomethanes in an Olympic-size indoor swimming pool among elite swimmers and coaches

Cited by 22 publications

References 38 publications

Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

Human exposure to air contaminants in sports environments

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools: Position Paper

Health effects of exposure to chlorination by‐products in swimming pools

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