“…Intelligent evacuation management systems cover the aspects of crowd monitoring, crowd disaster prediction, evacuation modelling, and evacuation path guidelines. SC approaches play a vital role in the design and deployment of intelligent evacuation applications pertaining to crowd control management (Ibrahim et al, 2016;Jiang et al, 2022). However, the effectiveness of current AI technology depends to a large extent on the performance of computer hardware and algorithms, and solving mass evacuation problems may require considerable energy consumption.…”