Predicting Blood Parasite Load and Influence of Expression of iNOS on the Effect Size of Clinical Laboratory Parameters in Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection With Different Inoculum Concentrations in C57BL/6 Mice

Abstract

In Chagas disease, the initial responses of phagocyte-mediated innate immunity are strongly associated with the control of Trypanosoma cruzi and are mediated by various signaling pathways, including the inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) pathway. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of Chagas disease depend on the parasite–host relationship, i.e., the responsive capacity of the host immune system and the immunogenicity of the parasite. Here, we evaluated effect sizes in clinical and laboratory parameters mediated by acute infection with different concentrations of T. cruzi inoculum in mice immunosuppressed via iNOS pathway inactivation. Infection was induced in C57BL/6 wild-type and iNOS-/- mice with the “Y” strain of T. cruzi at three inoculum concentrations (3 × 102, 3 × 103, and 3 × 104). Parasitemia and mortality in both mouse strains were monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed to quantify amastigotes in cardiac tissues and cardiac musculature cells. Biochemical parameters, such as blood urea nitrogen, sodium, albumin, and globulin concentrations, among others, were measured, and cytokine concentrations were also measured. Effect sizes were determined by the eta squared formula. Compared with that in wild-type animals, mice with an absence of iNOS expression demonstrated a greater parasite load, with earlier infection and a delayed parasitemia peak. Inoculum concentration was positively related to death in the immunosuppressed subgroup. Nineteen parameters (hematological, biochemical, cytokine-related, and histopathological) in the immunocompetent subgroup and four in the immunosuppressed subgroup were associated with parasitemia. Parasitemia, biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters were found to be predictors in the knockout group. The impact of effect sizes on the markers evaluated based on T. cruzi inoculum concentration was notably high in the immunocompetent group (Cohen’s d = 88.50%; p <.001). These findings contribute to the understanding of physiopathogenic mechanisms underlying T. cruzi infection and also indicate the influence of the concentration of T. cruzi during infection and the immunosuppression through the iNOS pathway in clinical laboratory heterogeneity reported in acute Chagas disease.

Biological characteristics of the Trypanosoma cruzi Arequipa strain make it a good model for Chagas disease drug discovery

“…It should be noted that this level of parasitaemia corresponds to an intraperitoneal inoculum of 5 × 10 5 T. cruzi Arequipa BTs; inocula of (a) 5.0 × 10 3 BTs and (b) 5.0 × 10 4 BTs were also tested, but (a) no parasitaemia was detected (by 1/100 diluted blood microscopic counting) and, (b) parasitaemia with a mean peak lower than 0.2 × 10 parasites⋅mL -1 was shown (but infection did not occur in all mice in this group). Our experience with other strains (Olmo et al, 2015;García--Huertas et al, 2018) and a review of the literature (Rodrigues et al, 2022) suggest that the parasitaemia curve is inoculum-and strain-dependent.…”