Predicting birth weight by fetal upper-arm volume with use of three-dimensional ultrasonography

Liang, Ren-Ing; Chang, Feng-Cheng; Yao, Bor-Lin; Chang, Chiung-Hsin; Yu, Chen-Hsiang; Ko, Huei-Chen

doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(97)70157-1

Cited by 121 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Others have used 3-dimensional sonography to measure fetal arm volume for birth WT prediction and to evaluate intrauterine growth. 47,48 Considerable technical factors, however, have prevented widespread clinical acceptance of 3-dimensional sonography for fetal growth assessment. The most notable limitation is the extended amount of time (ie, 10-15 minutes per limb) that is required to manually trace soft tissue borders around multiple sections of the entire HDL for volume measurements.…”

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“…The most notable limitation is the extended amount of time (ie, 10-15 minutes per limb) that is required to manually trace soft tissue borders around multiple sections of the entire HDL for volume measurements. 47 Furthermore, a variable degree of acoustic shadowing often causes poorly defined soft tissue borders that are not well visualized near the knee and hip joints. Fractional arm volume provides a practical solution by emphasizing only the middle portion of the fetal arm, where the soft tissue borders are usually easy to trace.…”

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The Fetal Arm

Lee

Deter

McNie

et al. 2005

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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Objective. The goals were to introduce fractional arm volume (AVol) as a new soft tissue parameter of fetal growth assessment and to develop individualized growth standards, based on Rossavik models, for AVol, midarm circumference (ArmC), and humeral diaphysis length (HDL). Methods. A prospective longitudinal study of 22 fetuses was conducted using 2-and 3-dimensional sonography. Three new growth parameters (HDL, ArmC, and AVol) were used to establish individualized standards for arm growth with the use of Rossavik functions [P = c(t), where P is the anatomic parameter; c, k, and s are model coefficients; and t is the time variable]. Second-trimester models were specified from the linear slopes of growth curves before approximately 28.0 menstrual weeks. For a given fetus, normal thirdtrimester trajectories were predicted for each parameter. Observed and predicted measurements were compared by percent deviations. Results. Rossavik functions fit all parameter trajectories extremely well (R 2 = 95.7%-99.4%). By fixing coefficients k at their mean values, their respective fits did not change, and the variabilities of both coefficients c and s were reduced. Coefficient c was also significantly related to second-trimester slope, as was s to c, for all 3 parameters (R 2 = 97.7%-98.7%; P < .0001). Mean percent deviations between observed and predicted third-trimester HDL, ArmC, and AVol measurements were -0.1% ± 2.9%, 0.5% ± 4.6%, and 0.4% ± 8.5%, respectively. Conclusions. Individualized growth assessment, using HDL and ArmC, can accurately predict normal arm growth during the third trimester of pregnancy. AVol may also allow earlier detection and improved monitoring of soft tissue abnormalities that can occur in fetuses with growth disturbances.

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The Fetal Arm

Lee

Deter

McNie

et al. 2005

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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“…7,8 Volumes of the fetal thigh, abdomen, and upper arm have been integrated into formulas for birth weight prediction. [9][10][11][12] Although the fetal brain has been studied extensively for anatomic structure by 3D ultrasonography, brain volumes have not been previously evaluated. …”

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Reliability and validity of three‐dimensional fetal brain volumes.

Endres

Cohen

2001

J of Ultrasound Medicine

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Objective. To determine the intraobserver and interobserver variability in calculating three-dimensional fetal brain volumes and to examine the relationship between these volumes and biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements and estimated gestational age. Methods. Eighty-five subjects between 16 and 40 completed weeks' gestation participated in the Institutional Review Board-approved study. Fetal head images were obtained axially and stored on a magnetic optical disk. The fetal brain volumes were calculated in triplicate by each of 2 observers using 8 to 10 coronal cuts. The coefficient of variation was determined for both physicians. Pearson correlations and linear regression were used to evaluate the relationship between three-dimensional head volume and standard biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements and estimated gestational age. Results. The coefficients of variation were low for both investigators, at 2.04% and 2.44%. The correlations between fetal brain volumes and biparietal diameter, head circumference, and estimated gestational age were all highly significant (P < .001). The linear regression of brain volumes with estimated gestational age was also highly significant (P < .001). Conclusions. Three-dimensional fetal brain volume measurements had excellent intraobserver and interobserver reliability. The volumes correlated very well with standard biparietal diameter and head circumference measurements. These volumes can also be used to determine estimated gestational age. Key words: fetal brain volumes; three-dimensional ultrasonography; estimated gestational age; biparietal diameter; head circumference. Abbreviations BPD, biparietal diameter; EGA, estimated gestational age; HC, head circumference; 3D, three-dimensional; 2D, two-dimensional hree-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography improves imaging of the fetal brain. Images of the corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, third and fourth ventricles, and other anatomic structures are easily obtainable compared with standard two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography.1 With 3D ultrasonography, it is possible to examine all 3 orthogonal planes and to scan the fetal head through parallel sections. There is also a marker dot that is in the same position in all views that enables precise evaluation of anatomic and pathologic characteristics. 2-4Three-dimensional ultrasonography also enables volume calculation. Studies have shown that 3D ultrasonographic in vitro volume estimation is accurate. 5,6 To date, volumes of the placenta and fetal liver have been used to diagnose fetal growth restriction. 7,8 Volumes of the fetal thigh, abdomen, and upper arm have been integrated into formulas for birth weight prediction. [9][10][11][12] Although the fetal brain has been studied extensively for anatomic structure by 3D ultrasonography, brain volumes have not been previously evaluated.

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“…70 Birth weight prediction based on limb volumetry including upper arm and thigh seems to be more accurate. 71,72 …”

Section: Volumetry-organ Volume Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional Sonography in the Assessment of Normal Fetal Anatomy in Late Pregnancy

Ahmed¹,

Honemeyer²

2010

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Three-dimensional, multiplanar sonography, using a volume data set acquired with a 3D probe, has revolutionized ultrasonographic imaging and takes sonographers to a new perception of the fetus in 3 dimensions. Real time scanning, until the late nineties only possible in B-mode, can now be performed in 3D with up to 40 frames/sec. Fetal neurology emerged as a new perinatal research field with the 4D visualization of fetal behavior. Doppler ultrasound, diversified and refined from continuous wave and pulsed Doppler to Color – and Power Doppler, when added to 3D sonography, creates fascinating options of noninvasive fetal vascular mapping (sonoangiography) and vascular assessment of placenta. The diagnostic and demonstrative potential of an acquired 3D volume data set can be maxed with the help of postprocessing and rendering software. After storage, the evaluation of fetal 3D data sets can happen without the patient, with the option of specialist consultation, using telemedicine. In the article, the new 3D “modes” like surface rendering, maximum mode, 3D Color and Power Doppler, STIC, volume rendering, and glass body rendering, are described and illustrated in their display of normal fetal anatomy.

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Predicting birth weight by fetal upper-arm volume with use of three-dimensional ultrasonography

Cited by 121 publications

References 23 publications

The Fetal Arm

The Fetal Arm

Reliability and validity of three‐dimensional fetal brain volumes.

Three-dimensional Sonography in the Assessment of Normal Fetal Anatomy in Late Pregnancy

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