Predicting and Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

Abstract

All pharmaceutical drugs (PDs) have Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with their use in some individuals. ADRs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in those using (PDs). It is well known that the number and severity of ADRs associated with the use of PDs are elevated by a number of parameters including age, gender, genetic makeup, polypharmacy, exposure to organic solvents, alcohol, tobacco or recreational drug use, diet, chronic inflammation, preexisting disease and ongoing emotional stress. All the parameters responsible for ADRs also increase oxidative stress (OS) as reflected by the Oxidative Stress Index (OSI). The OSI is hypothesized here to predict the likelihood and severity of ADRs.

Can the Oxidative Stress Index Predict the Severity of COVID-19?

“…Essentially all pharmaceutical medications raise OS (Zeliger, 2017) and all have adverse drug reactions associated with them (Zeliger, 2019b). The detailed OSI form addresses these individually.…”

“…The relevance of the OSI to predicting disease onset probability as well as for other applications uses has been previously established (Zeliger, 2017(Zeliger, , 2019(Zeliger, , 2019a(Zeliger, , 2019b(Zeliger, , 2019c. When the OSI condensed form values are used as presented here an excellent correlation between standard form and condensed form OSI values occurs, with condensed form values showing less than a 10% variation from standard form values.…”

Oxidative Stess Index (OSI) Condensed Questionnaire

“…Essentially all pharmaceutical medications raise OS [Zeliger, 2017] and all have adverse drug reactions associated with them [Zeliger, 2019b]. The detailed OSI form addresses these individually.…”

“…Psychological stress, anxiety and depression raise OS via the release of hormones that elevate OS. Chronic activation of this stress response system results in disease and triggers numerous health problems [Mayo Clinic, 2019] The relevance of the OSI to predicting disease onset probability as well as for other applications uses has been previously established [Zeliger, 2017[Zeliger, , 2019a[Zeliger, , 2019b[Zeliger, , 2019c. When the OSI condensed form values are used as presented here an excellent correlation between standard form and condensed form OSI values obtains, with condensed form values showing less than a 10% variation from standard form values.…”