Predicting and Preventing: Developing A Risk Assessment Mechanism For Residential Housing

Armitage, Rachel

doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8150024

Cited by 43 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The table below summarises the literature reviewed on the impact of through-movement on levels of crime within residential developments, highlighting the dominance of studies concluding that higher levels of through movement increase the risk of crime. Armitage (2006) Being located on a travel path increases the risk of crime Letkemann (1973) Brantingham (1984) Feeney (1986) Gabor et al (1987) Poyner andWebb (1991) Wiles and Costello (2000) Rengert and Wasilchick (2000) Being located on a culs-de-sac, or a development with low connectivity, reduces the risk of crime Bevis and Nutter (1977) Johnson and Bowers (2010) Closing off streets reduces crime Matthews (1992) Atlas and LeBlanc (1994) Newman (1995Newman ( ,1996 Lasley (1998) Zavoski et al (1999) Eck (2002 Being located on a leaky culs-de-ac increases the risk of crime Hillier (2004) Armitage (2006) Being located on a development with high levels of permeability/connectivity/through movement reduces the risk of crime Hillier and Shu (1998) Shu (2000) Hillier (2004) Hillier and Sahbaz (2009) The review of policy and guidance documents revealed several areas of contention regarding through-movement and connectivity. Manual for Streets (Department for Transport, 2007) highlights that street networks should be connected to encourage walking and cycling and that connectivity within and between developments is important.…”

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However the study did not distinguish between 'true' culs-de-sac and 'leaky' culs-de-sac (those that are breached by footpaths). Research has demonstrated that leaky culs-de-sac experience more crime than true culs-de-sac and through roads (Armitage, 2006;Hillier, 2004). Therefore any research that conflates leaky and true culs-de-sac is liable to dilute positive conclusions relating to culs-de-sac.…”

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Armitage

Monchuk

Rogerson

2010

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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This paper reports on the findings of a collaborative project (funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment -CABE) which was conducted in late 2009 and early 2010. The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of design on a range of crime types -with a specific focus upon housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. This paper presents the findings of an in-depth assessment of the impact of housing design features on crime. Utilising a comprehensive data collection exercise, the specific design features of thousands of homes were collated and assessed against police recorded crime data. The design features were based upon the key elements of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) including road layout, house design, surveillance, territoriality, car parking, communal space, management and maintenance and physical security. The unique and painstaking methodology not only provided an excellent dataset for analysis, but also highlighted the need both for greater conceptual clarity within CPTED and for crime-risk assessments to be based on the careful operationalisation and measurement of CPTED factors. As well as assessing the impact of specific (and combined) design features upon crime, the research also resulted in the production of a new data collection tool designed to address the weaknesses of existing checklists in assessing innovative contemporary developments, which are often unconventional in nature. The paper explores the degree of conflict and/or synergy between the traditional principles of CPTED and contemporary directions in architecture and design. Finally the paper considers the extent to which traditional CPTED principles remain relevant within contemporary residential developments and explores whether areas of revision are required.

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Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Connectivity and Through-movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Armitage

Monchuk

Rogerson

2010

Eur J Crim Policy Res

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“…However, a detailed analysis of the sample of 1058 properties showed that, although non-burgled properties (SBD or non-SBD) had lower Burgess Scores (than burgled properties), SBD properties had higher Burgess Scores (burgled and non-burgled) than the non-SBD sample. This fi nding suggests that the crime reduction benefi ts achieved by the SBD sample were achieved in Perceived by offenders to be more vulnerable to burglary Budd (1999Budd ( , 2001 Experienced lower levels of burglary than those without Property in Neighbourhood Watch area Armitage (2006) Less likely to be a victim of burglary spite of, not because of, the environmental factors that the properties possessed, and that the value of SBD derives from variables other than those measured by this checklist (such as physical security).…”

Section: Which Elements Of Sbd Are Working To Reduce Crime?mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…7 A recent report ( Langdon, 2010 ) suggests that the additional cost of building a property to the SBD standard may be much lower than the £ 795 suggested by Armitage (unpublished) In addition to evaluations of the SBD scheme as a whole, there has been an abundance of studies that have revealed that the principles upon which SBD is based each work to reduce crime, disorder and the fear of crime. These include: increasing physical security ( Cromwell and Olson, 1991 ;Budd, 2001 ;Armitage, 2006 ); minimising access, through-movement and connectivity ( Rubenstein et al , 1980 ;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987 ;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990 ;White, 1990 ;Poyner and Webb, 1991 ;Matthews, 1992 ;Atlas and LeBlanc, 1994 ;Beavon et al , 1994 ;Newman, 1995Newman, , 1996Bevis and Nutter, 1977 ;Lasley, 1998 ;Mirlees-Black et al , 1998 ;Rengert and Hakim, 1998 ;Zavoski et al , 1999 ;Hakim et al , 2001 ;Taylor, 2002 ;Nubani and Wineman, 2005 ;Armitage, 2006 ;Yang, 2006 ;Johnson and Bowers, 2010 ); increasing surveillance ( Reppetto, 1974 ;Winchester and Jackson, 1982 ;Brown and Altman, 1983 ;Coleman, 1986 ;Taylor and Gottfredson, 1987 ;Van der Voordt and Van Wegen, 1990 ;Cromwell and Olson, 1991 ;Brown and Bentley, 1993 ;Groff and LaVigne, 2001 ); and managing and maintaining developments …”

Section: Evaluating the Effectiveness Of Sbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting fi nding of a previous investigation into the impact of environmental factors on levels of crime ( Armitage, 2005 ) revealed that, although the factors presented above (such as minimising through-movement, maximising natural surveillance, minimising litter, graffi ti and vandalism) each confer a crime reduction advantage, properties built to the SBD standard between 1994 and 1998 did not necessarily adhere to these principles. The study awarded a Burgess Score based upon the number of environmental factors possessed by a property -a high score was positively associated with higher levels of crime (see Armitage (2006) for a detailed discussion). However, a detailed analysis of the sample of 1058 properties showed that, although non-burgled properties (SBD or non-SBD) had lower Burgess Scores (than burgled properties), SBD properties had higher Burgess Scores (burgled and non-burgled) than the non-SBD sample.…”

Section: Which Elements Of Sbd Are Working To Reduce Crime?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on

Armitage

Monchuk

2010

Secur J

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Secured by Design (SBD) is an award scheme that aims to encourage housing developers to design out crime at the planning or concept stage. The scheme is managed by the Association of Chief Police Offi cers Crime Reduction Initiatives (ACPO CPI) while the dayto-day delivery of the scheme is conducted by Architectural Liaison Offi cers (ALOs) or Crime Prevention Design Advisors (CPDAs) working for individual police forces throughout the United Kingdom. The scheme sets standards for compliance that developments must meet to be awarded SBD status. This article presents the fi ndings of research conducted over a 10-year period (1999 -2009) into the effectiveness of the SBD scheme as a crime reduction measure. Utilising a variety of methods, the research aims to establish whether residents living within SBD developments experience less crime and fear of crime than their non-SBD counterparts; whether SBD developments show less visual signs of crime and disorder than their non-SBD counterparts; and fi nally, whether properties built to the SBD standard are able to sustain any crime reduction benefi ts over a 10-year period.

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Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Albanese¹

2014

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OverviewThis chapter examines an approach to crime reduction which differs from many others in that it focuses, not on the offender or their reasoning for committing an offence, but upon the environment in which an offence takes place. This approach also differs in its consideration of who should hold responsibility for the reduction of crime, with a focus, not solely upon the traditional criminal justice system agencies, but also upon planners, architects, developers and managers of public space. The approach is based on the presumption that offenders will maximise crime opportunities, and therefore, those opportunities must be avoided (in the first place) or removed (following the emergence of a crime problem). In the 2001 publication 'Cracking Crime through Design', Pease introduces the concept of design as a means of reducing crime, but more importantly, the premise that it is the moral responsibility of many different actors and agencies to improve the lives of those who may fall victim to crime, those who live in fear of crime, and (less obviously) those who will, through the presentation of unproblematic opportunities, be tempted into offending. In the case of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), it is the planners, designers, developers and architects who risk acting (as Pease paraphrases the poet John Donne) as the gateway to another man's sin. 2CPTED is an approach to crime reduction (that may be described as a measure, programme or intervention) which aims to reduce crime through the design and manipulation of the built (and sometimes natural) environment. It focuses predominantly upon 'designing out' opportunities for crime before they occur -for example at the pre-planning or planning stage -although some interventions take place post-development, in response to a crime problem which has emerged.A commonly used formal definition is that used by Tim Crowe who defines CPTED as:"The proper design and effective use of the built environment, that can lead to a reduction in the fear of incidence of crime and an improvement in quality of life...The goal of CPTED is to reduce opportunities for crime that may be inherent in the design of structures or in the design of neighbourhoods" (Crowe, 2000, p. 46). Ekblom (2011) proposes a redefinition and presents the following alternative, which introduces several points not included within Crowe's definition, including the balance between security and contextually appropriate design and the possibility of intervening at different stages between pre-planning and post construction. Ekblom states that CPTED is: "Reducing the possibility, probability and harm from criminal and related events, and enhancing the quality of life through community safety; through the processes of planning and design of the environment; on a range of scales and types of place, from individual buildings and interiors to wider landscapes, neighbourhoods and cities; to produce designs that are 'fit for purpose', contextually appropriate in all other respects and not 'vulnerab...

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Predicting and Preventing: Developing A Risk Assessment Mechanism For Residential Housing

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

It Looks Good, but What is it Like to Live There? Exploring the Impact of Innovative Housing Design on Crime

Sustaining the crime reduction impact of designing out crime: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design scheme 10 years on

Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

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