Predicting Age-Related Dual-Task Effects With Individual Differences on Neuropsychological Tests.

Holtzer, Roee; Stern, Yaakov; Rakitin, Brian C.

doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.1.18

Cited by 64 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Overall, these findings suggest that, in the elderly, hand-food coordination strongly activated classical coordination areas but also several frontal regions interfacing motor control and cognition. This suggests that older subjects relied on increased cognitive monitoring of the more complex motor tasks, which is consistent with recent behavioral results (Holtzer et al, 2005).…”

Section: Coordination-specific Additional Activation In the Elderlysupporting

confidence: 90%

Neural Basis of Aging: The Penetration of Cognition into Action Control

Heuninckx

Wenderoth²,

Debaere³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

399

319

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Although functional imaging studies have frequently examined age-related changes in neural recruitment during cognitive tasks, much less is known about such changes during motor performance. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate age-related changes in cyclical hand and/or foot movements across different degrees of complexity. Right-handed volunteers (11 young, 10 old) were scanned while performing isolated flexion-extension movements of the right wrist and foot as well as their coordination, according to the "easy" isodirectional and "difficult" nonisodirectional mode. Findings revealed activation of a typical motor network in both age groups, but several additional brain areas were involved in the elderly. Regardless of the performed motor task, the elderly exhibited additional activation in areas involved in sensory processing and integration, such as contralateral anterior insula, frontal operculum, superior temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, secondary somatosensory area, and ipsilateral precuneus. Age-related activation differences during coordination of both segments were additionally observed in areas reflecting increased cognitive monitoring of motor performance, such as the pre-supplementary motor area, pre-dorsal premotor area, rostral cingulate, and prefrontal cortex. In the most complex coordination task, the elderly exhibited additional activation in anterior rostral cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, known to be involved in suppression of prepotent response tendencies and inhibitory cognitive control. Overall, these findings are indicative of an age-related shift along the continuum from automatic to more controlled processing of movement. This increased cognitive monitoring of movement refers to enhanced attentional deployment, more pronounced processing of sensory information, and intersensory integration.

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Section: Coordination-specific Additional Activation In the Elderlysupporting

confidence: 90%

Neural Basis of Aging: The Penetration of Cognition into Action Control

Heuninckx

Wenderoth²,

Debaere³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

399

319

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Traditionally, the interference has been presumed to occur because of competing demands for attention resources [1]. However, recent studies have suggested that compromised executive control may underlie CMI [2,3]. Identification of the specific cognitive domains associated with gait decline during dual task activities may help inform clinical evaluation and treatment planning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between cognitive tasks and gait after stroke: A dual task study

et al. 2008

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This study investigated the interactions between gait and three different cognitive tasks in people after stroke. Thirteen people post-stroke who were living in the community, were able to walk 10 m without physical assistance, and could respond verbally to auditory stimuli participated. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different cognitive tasks while seated, and each cognitive task in combination with walking. Gait data were acquired continuously for approximately 3 min. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the cognitive tasks (visuospatial task, working memory task). Speech samples from the spontaneous speech task were analyzed on several dimensions of language. Significant dual task effects were observed for gait speed, stride time, average stride length, and cadence, but not for stride time variability. Speech produced more gait interference than memory and visuospatial tasks. Interference effects on cognition were minimal; only speech was significantly affected by concurrent walking. Narratives in the dual task condition had more pauses, shorter sentences, but more utterances with new information. Even though participants in this study were mobility-impaired, they prioritized the cognitive tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke.⋆ P Plummer-D'Amato was supported by NIDRR Fellowship (Award ID# EH133P020005). There was no other source of funding for this study.

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“…One can manipulate the extrinsic difficulty of a DRT by varying presentation set size Rypma, Eldreth, & Rebbechi, 2007;Zarahn et al, 2006) or by varying the duration of the probe stimulus (Corbett & Wickelgren, 1978;Dosher, 1984;Dosher, McElree, Hood, & Rosedale, 1989;Hintzman, Caulton, & Curran, 1994;McElree & Dosher, 1993;Reed, 1973Reed, , 1976Wickelgren, 1977). Moreover, DRTs allow manipulation of extrinsic difficulty without the use of dual-task methods (e.g., N. D. Anderson, Craik, & Naveh-Benjamin, 1998) and without any temporal overlap of task elements, as in the n-back task (e.g., Jonides et al, 1997).Previous experiments have used Rypma and D'Esposito's (1999) variant of the DRT with letters of the Latin alphabet as stimuli (e.g., Habeck et al, 2005;Holtzer et al, 2004Holtzer et al, , 2005Zarahn et al, 2005Zarahn et al, , 2006. These studies characterized the aural component of the Baddeley and Hitch (1974) model of WM-the phonological loop-which was theorized to support the retention of letter stimuli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We employed unfamiliar, abstract (i.e., difficult to name) shape stimuli, which we assumed would require use of the visuospatial sketchpad, to provide information about WM in aging that complements the previous studies. In a prior DRT experiment, these shape stimuli were used along with letter stimuli to compare the parallel processing of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad (Holtzer et al, 2004(Holtzer et al, , 2005.In the present study, we manipulated the extrinsic difficulty of a DRT by varying the probe duration and eliciting the recognition response promptly after termination of the probe. This technique, known as the response-signal method (RSM), varies the duration of the retrieval process and usually results in a speed-accuracy tradeoff (Reed, 1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neuroimaging studies have revealed differences between the neural substrates of these processes (e.g., J. R. Anderson, Qin, Jung, & Carter, 2007;Habeck et al, 2005;Rypma, Prabhakaran, Desmond, & Gabrieli, 2001). A particularly useful behavioral paradigm for investigating WM along these divisions is a delayed-response task (DRT; Habeck et al, 2005;Holtzer et al, 2004;Holtzer, Stern, & Rakitin, 2005;Rypma & D'Esposito, 1999;Sternberg, 1966;Wager & Smith, 2003;Zarahn, Rakitin, Abela, Flynn, & Stern, 2005. In a DRT, subjects are presented with a set of stimuli (often visual, such as letters, shapes, or spatial locations), followed by a delay and then a probe stimulus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The response-signal method reveals age-related changes in object working memory.

Kumar¹,

Rakitin²,

Nambisan³

et al. 2008

Psychology and Aging

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Sixteen healthy young adults (ages 18-32) and 16 healthy older adults (ages 67-81) completed a delayed response task in which they saw the following visual sequence: memory stimuli (2 abstract shapes; 3,000 ms), a blank delay (5,000 ms), a probe stimulus of variable duration (one abstract shape; 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ms), and a mask (500 ms). Subjects decided whether the probe stimulus matched either of the memory stimuli; they were instructed to respond during the mask, placing greater emphasis on speed than accuracy. The authors used D. L. Hintzman & T. 3-parameter compound bounded exponential model of speed-accuracy tradeoff to describe changes in discriminability associated with total processing time. Group-level analysis revealed a higher rate parameter and a higher asymptote parameter for the young adult group, but no difference across groups in x-intercept. Proxy measures of cognitive reserve (Y. Stern et al., 2005) predicted the rate parameter value, particularly in older adults. Results suggest that in working memory, aging impairs both the maximum capacity for discriminability and the rate of information accumulation, but not the temporal threshold for discriminability. Keywords working memory; aging; speed-accuracy tradeoff; cognitive reserve Healthy aging impairs human memory in general and working memory in particular (Grady & Craik, 2000). The present study seeks to characterize the specific attributes of working memory (WM) that deteriorate with age. In a delayed-response task, we used the responsesignal method to compare the tradeoff between processing time and recognition memory discriminability in young and older adults.Working memory suffers an age-related loss of both efficiency (Salthouse & Babcock, 1991) and capacity (Zacks & Hasher, 1993). Previous aging literature has extrapolated from simple measures of task performance to theorize about these broader elements of WM. Efficiency is often measured by reaction time (e.g., Anders, Fozard, & Lillyquist, 1972;Salthouse, 1992), and capacity is often described by the number of items remembered (e.g., Holtzer, Stern, & Rakitin, 2004;Oberauer, 2001). In the present study, we mathematically modeled subjects' NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript task performance to derive quantitative measures of WM retrieval dynamics. These measures characterize broad components of WM and are more directly related to the ideas of efficiency and capacity than simpler measures like reaction time. Our methodology also helps relate theories of WM and aging to the notion of individual differences in reserve against memory loss. Below, we discuss models of WM and how our experimental paradigm relates to these models and to cognitive reserve.WM consists of three distinct processes: encoding, rehearsal, and retrieval (Awh et al., 1996;Jonides, Lacey, & Nee, 2005). Neuroimaging studies have revealed differences between the neural substrates of these processes (e.g., J. R. Anderson, Qin, Jung, & Carte...

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Predicting Age-Related Dual-Task Effects With Individual Differences on Neuropsychological Tests.

Cited by 64 publications

References 46 publications

Neural Basis of Aging: The Penetration of Cognition into Action Control

Neural Basis of Aging: The Penetration of Cognition into Action Control

Interactions between cognitive tasks and gait after stroke: A dual task study

The response-signal method reveals age-related changes in object working memory.

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