Predictability of Biotic Stress Structures Plant Defence Evolution

Mertens, Daan; Boege, Karina; Kessler, André; Koricheva, Julia; Thaler, Jennifer S.; Whiteman, Noah K.; Poelman, Erik H.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.009

Cited by 58 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…The production of ROS in plants also induces the production of phytohormones, including hormones related to plant stress such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid that provide greater defense against pathogens and herbivores to the plant. In addition, not only plants respond to immediate stress, but also make the response optimal when other stressors arrive [47]. Furthermore, CNTs can influence biochemical and physiological traits through changes in photosynthesis and a positive regulation of genes that respond to the stress and activation of plant defense systems [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes Decrease the Negative Impact of Alternaria solani in Tomato Crop

et al. 2021

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The diseases that attack the tomato crop are a limiting factor for its production and are difficult to control or eradicate. Stem and fruit rot and leaf blight caused by Alternaria solani causes severe damage and substantial yield losses. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could be an alternative for the control of pathogens since they have strong antimicrobial activity, in addition to inducing the activation of the antioxidant defense system in plants. In the present study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were evaluated on the incidence and severity of A. solani. Moreover, to the impact they have on the antioxidant defense system and the photosynthetic capacity of the tomato crop. The results show that the application of CNTs had multiple positive effects on tomato crop. CNTs decreased the incidence and severity of A. solani. Furthermore, CNTs increased the fruit yield of tomato crop and dry shoot biomass. The antioxidant system was improved, since the content of ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme were increased. The net photosynthesis and water use efficiency were also increased by the application of CNTs. CNTs can be an option to control A. solani in tomato crop, and diminish the negative impact of this pathogen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes Decrease the Negative Impact of Alternaria solani in Tomato Crop

et al. 2021

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“…Plants have evolved physical and chemical defense strategies to control plant-aphid interactions and ensure plant survival and fitness ( Mitchell et al, 2016 ). Constitutive defense mechanisms are present in plant tissues as anticipatory strategies in preparation for forthcoming adverse conditions ( Mertens et al, 2021 ). Defense mechanisms can also be dynamic and induced upon herbivore attack, depending on plant age, developmental stage, and genetic background ( Howe and Jander, 2008 ; Brunissen et al, 2009 ; Chandrasekhar et al, 2018 ; Batyrshina et al, 2020a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Physical and Chemical Defense Responses of Wild Emmer Wheat Against Aphids Depends on Leaf Position and Genotype

et al. 2021

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The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) is one of the most destructive insect pests in wheat production. To reduce aphid damage, wheat plants have evolved various chemical and physical defense mechanisms. Although these mechanisms have been frequently reported, much less is known about their effectiveness. The tetraploid wild emmer wheat (WEW; Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), one of the progenitors of domesticated wheat, possesses untapped resources from its numerous desirable traits, including insect resistance. The goal of this research was to determine the effectiveness of trichomes (physical defense) and benzoxazinoids (BXDs; chemical defense) in aphid resistance by exploiting the natural diversity of WEW. We integrated a large dataset composed of trichome density and BXD abundance across wheat genotypes, different leaf positions, conditions (constitutive and aphid-induced), and tissues (whole leaf and phloem sap). First, we evaluated aphid reproduction on 203 wheat accessions and found large variation in this trait. Then, we chose eight WEW genotypes and one domesticated durum wheat cultivar for detailed quantification of the defense mechanisms across three leaves. We discovered that these defense mechanisms are influenced by both leaf position and genotype, where aphid reproduction was the highest on leaf-1 (the oldest), and trichome density was the lowest. We compared the changes in trichome density and BXD levels upon aphid infestation and found only minor changes relative to untreated plants. This suggests that the defense mechanisms in the whole leaf are primarily anticipatory and unlikely to contribute to aphid-induced defense. Next, we quantified BXD levels in the phloem sap and detected a significant induction of two compounds upon aphid infestation. Moreover, evaluating aphid feeding patterns showed that aphids prefer to feed on the oldest leaf. These findings revealed the dynamic response at the whole leaf and phloem levels that altered aphid feeding and reproduction. Overall, they suggested that trichomes and the BXD 2,4-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) levels are the main factors determining aphid resistance, while trichomes are more effective than BXDs. Accessions from the WEW germplasm, rich with trichomes and BXDs, can be used as new genetic sources to improve the resistance of elite wheat cultivars.

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“…In this spirit, we call for an Urban Forestry Periodic Table of Traits that builds on the emerging standardisation of trait definitions (Garnier et al, 2017) and trait-performance studies (Scheres and Van Der Putten, 2017;Boisvert-Marsh et al, 2020;Sack and Buckley, 2020), and that can be tested by researchers to become the foundation for a model of species selection. The Urban Forestry Periodic Table of Traits would assist specifiers and researchers in knowing which traits or axes of variation are relevant in a given context and how they are integrated (Laughlin, 2014;Barry et al, 2019;Mertens et al, 2021), thereby FIGURE 7 | (A,B) Hypothetical trait-based scheme for urban foresters. Building on CSR theory, (A) shows the variety of viable plant strategies in a trade-off between fast growth and high tolerance of stress.…”

Section: Toward a Functional Trait Scheme For Urban Forestrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is widely acknowledged that urban forestry's challenge of optimising the fit between a tree and a site is likely to become increasingly difficult (Conway and Vander Vecht, 2015;Esperon-Rodriguez et al, 2019;Núñez-Florez et al, 2019) as the rate and extent of global urban tree habitat decline is likely to be uneven under climate change (Burley et al, 2019). To address this challenge, growing bodies of ecological and arboriculture literature identify different causes and types of environmental stress (Sack and Buckley, 2020;Mertens et al, 2021), accompanied by an increasing understanding of the physiological responses to these different stresses (Morgenroth et al, 2016). However, a substantial gap exists between our understanding of these stress-response processes and the methods that urban foresters use to apply this knowledge when it comes to selecting species for urban environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Trait-Based Schemes Be Used to Select Species in Urban Forestry?

Watkins

Hirons

Sjöman

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Cities

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Urban forests in northern Europe are threatened by climate change and biosecurity risks, and in response, city planners are urged to select a wider portfolio of tree species to mitigate the risks of species die-off. However, selecting the right species is a challenge, as most guidance available to specifiers focuses on ecosystem service delivery rather than the information most critical to tree establishment: the ability of a species to tolerate the stresses found in a given place. In this paper, we investigate the potential of using ecological techniques to describe ecological traits at the level of species selection, and the potential of functional ecology theories to identify species that are not widely discussed or specified at present but might be suitable. We collected trait data on 167 tree species across 37 genera, including 38 species within a case study genus, Magnolia L., and tested four theories that posit ways in which traits trade off against each other in predictable ways. We found that at this scale, most species recommended for urban forestry tend to be ordinated along an axis of variation describing pace of life and stress tolerance, and that most Magnolia species are described as being fast-growing rather than stress-tolerant, although there is a degree of inter-specific variation. Further, we found that only one theory offers a succinct and reliable way of describing physiological strategies but translating ecological theory into a form appropriate for urban forestry will require further work.

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Predictability of Biotic Stress Structures Plant Defence Evolution

Abstract: Sessile organisms such as plants strongly rely on external stimuli that predict the onset of stress to anticipate suboptimal conditions and adjust their phenotype accordingly.

Cited by 58 publications

References 111 publications

Carbon Nanotubes Decrease the Negative Impact of Alternaria solani in Tomato Crop

Carbon Nanotubes Decrease the Negative Impact of Alternaria solani in Tomato Crop

The Effectiveness of Physical and Chemical Defense Responses of Wild Emmer Wheat Against Aphids Depends on Leaf Position and Genotype

Can Trait-Based Schemes Be Used to Select Species in Urban Forestry?

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