Predication of the in-plane mechanical properties of continuous carbon fibre reinforced 3D printed polymer composites using classical laminated-plate theory

Saeed, Khalid; McIlhagger, Alistair; Harkin‐Jones, Eileen; Kelly, John; Archer, Edward

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113226

Cited by 65 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It was observed that 3D printed composites with fibers aligned in the loading direction showed the highest performances, while the transverse properties are significantly lower [ 20 , 25 , 31 , 32 ]. Moreover, quasi-isotropic laminates ([0/45/90] s ) exhibit an intermediate behavior between [0] and [90] layups [ 33 ]. However, to the authors’ knowledge there has been no systematic investigation aimed at evaluating the influence of multidirectional laminate layup on the microstructural defects and mechanical response (i.e., tensile properties and failure modes) of CFRPA composites produced by FFF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results showed that CLT accurately predict the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio for a wide range of laminate layups. Saeed et al [ 33 ] used CLT to predict the mechanical behavior of CFRPA composites produced by the MarkForged ® FFF process. The results, in a similar fashion to those obtained by Polyzos et al [ 37 ], are in good agreement with the experimental data for longitudinal, transverse and shear modulus as well as Poisson’s ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main limit of the aforementioned studies is that they are focused on elastic properties [ 26 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] and in some cases on longitudinal layup only [ 26 , 35 ]. In addition, the models were applied to parts reinforced with different types and volume fraction of fibers, contour and infill regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Characterization and Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fibers Composites with Different Fiber Orientation Produced by FFF Process

et al. 2022

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The development of 3D printed composites showing increased stiffness and strength thanks to the use of continuous carbon fibers has offered new prospects for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique. This work aims to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of 3D printed CCF/PA composites with various layups, and also to apply predictive models. The mechanical properties of the printed parts were directly related to the adopted laminate layup as well as to the microstructure and defects induced by the FFF process. The highest stiffness and strength were reported for longitudinal composites, where the fibers are unidirectionally aligned in the loading direction. In addition, it was found that the reduction in tensile properties obtained for cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminate layups can be described by using the Angle Minus Longitudinal. A step-like failure with extensive fibers breakage and pull-out was observed for the longitudinal composites. By contrast, the rupture mode of the quasi-isotropic laminates mainly exhibited debonding between beads. Moreover, the predictions obtained using the Volume Average Stiffness method and Classical Laminate Theory were in good agreement with the tensile test results. This work could help engineers to design complex laminates with specific mechanical requirements by tailoring the orientation of continuous carbon fibers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Characterization and Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fibers Composites with Different Fiber Orientation Produced by FFF Process

et al. 2022

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“…In the earlier stage of FDM, the printing potential was limited by a small selection of thermoplastic filament materials [ 61 ]. Fortunately, with an increasing variety of filament materials offering a wide range of physical, mechanical, and electronic properties, FDM is now highly compatible with a wider range of materials, including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [ 62 , 63 , 64 ], polycaprolactone (PCL) [ 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ], polylactic acid (PLA) [ 69 , 70 , 71 ], nylon [ 72 , 73 , 74 ], polypropylene (PP) [ 75 , 76 , 77 ], thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) [ 78 , 79 ], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [ 80 , 81 ], high impact polystyrene (HIPS) [ 82 , 83 ], and composite filaments [ 84 ]. Therefore, multi-material 3D printing using FDM has drawn growing interest in recent years.…”

Section: Systematic Review Of Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review of Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Polymers

et al. 2021

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Multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers has experienced a remarkable increase in interest over the last 20 years. This technology can rapidly design and directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) parts with multiple materials without complicating manufacturing processes. This research aims to obtain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the current state of research and reveal challenges and opportunities for future research in the area. To achieve the goal, this study conducts a scientometric analysis and a systematic review of the global research published from 2000 to 2021 on multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers. In the scientometric analysis, a total of 2512 journal papers from the Scopus database were analyzed by evaluating the number of publications, literature coupling, keyword co-occurrence, authorship, and countries/regions activities. By doing so, the main research frame, articles, and topics of this research field were quantitatively determined. Subsequently, an in-depth systematic review is proposed to provide insight into recent advances in multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers in the aspect of technologies and applications, respectively. From the scientometric analysis, a heavy bias was found towards studying materials in this field but also a lack of focus on developing technologies. The future trend is proposed by the systematic review and is discussed in the directions of interfacial bonding strength, printing efficiency, and microscale/nanoscale multi-material 3D printing. This study contributes by providing knowledge for practitioners and researchers to understand the state of the art of multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers and expose its research needs, which can serve both academia and industry.

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“…In-plane test standards are developed for testing composite materials in tension or compression. Saeed et al [ 6 ] studied the in-plane mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymer composites reinforced with continuous carbon fibre samples that were fabricated using a Mark Forged Two 3D printer. Strength and elastic modulus were measured using a series of tensile tests and the effect of fibre orientation on the in-plane mechanical properties were evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic Modulus and Flatwise (Through-Thickness) Tensile Strength of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced 3D Printed Polymer Composites

et al. 2022

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Additively manufactured composite specimens exhibit anisotropic properties, meaning that the elastic response changes with respect to orientation. Both in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical properties are important for designing purpose. Recent studies have characterised the in-plane performance. In this study, however, through-thickness tensile strength of 3D polymer composites were determined by printing of continuous carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic polyamide-based composite, manufactured using a Markforged Two 3D printer. This paper discusses sample fabrication and geometry, adhesive used, and testing procedure. Test standards used to determine out-of-plane properties are tedious as most of the premature failures occur between the specimens and the tabs. Two types of samples were printed according to ASTM flatwise tension standard and the results were compared to determine the geometry effect on the interlaminar strength. This test method consists of subjecting the printed sample to a uniaxial tensile force normal to the plane. With this method, the acceptable failure modes for tensile strength must be internal to the structure, not between the sample and the end tabs. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) was carried out to observe the porosity. Surface behaviour was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to see the voids and the distribution of the fibres in the samples. The results showed consistent values for tensile strength and elastic modulus for Araldite glue after initial trials (with some other adhesives) to determine a suitable choice of adhesive for bonding the samples with the tabs. Circular specimens have higher tensile strength and elastic modulus as compared to rectangular specimens.

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Predication of the in-plane mechanical properties of continuous carbon fibre reinforced 3D printed polymer composites using classical laminated-plate theory

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Experimental Characterization and Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fibers Composites with Different Fiber Orientation Produced by FFF Process

Experimental Characterization and Modeling of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fibers Composites with Different Fiber Orientation Produced by FFF Process

Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review of Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Polymers

Elastic Modulus and Flatwise (Through-Thickness) Tensile Strength of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced 3D Printed Polymer Composites

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