Predatory elites, rents and cocoa: a comparative analysis of Ghana and Ivory Coast

Playing the immigration card: the politics of exclusion in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana

“…Soon thereafter, the climate for immigrants changed dramatically as the economy stagnated, due in part to Nkrumah's past politicisation of the cocoa sector, a short-term drop in cocoa prices, and declining yields in established cocoa-producing areas (Mitchell, 2011;Woods, 2004). The business sector became increasingly vocal in its opposition to foreigners, a stance that resonated in rural areas where many petty traders were non-citizens (Peil, 1974).…”

Land distribution and acquisition practices in Ghana's cocoa frontier: The impact of a state-regulated marketing system

“…It is an open question, however, whether surplus is used differently or the regulatory system has different impacts on the two groups. In the following analysis we aim to examine these questions by 2 Also comparing Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, Woods (2004) relates changes in the conditions of the cocoa sector with changes in the political regime. Due to its economic importance, the cocoa sector in both countries has had a disproportionate role in the determination of national development strategies.…”

Scaling service delivery in a failed state: cocoa smallholders, Farmer Field Schools, persistent bureaucrats and institutional work in Côte d’Ivoire

“…By 2002, the country had entered another period of violent conflict and economic crisis, and in the following years, funds destined for cocoa farmers were used to fuel the fighting (Klaas, 2008). In 2005, the country ranked highest on the 'Failed States Index ' (FFP, 2014) and political elites maintained their status quo in the cocoa sector (Woods, 2007). Côte d'Ivoire was generally considered, under the rule of President Gbagbo, to be a failed state with clearly predatory traits.…”