Predatory behavior of Cupelopagis vorax (Rotifera; Collothecacea; Atrochidae) on protozoan prey

Bevington, Daniel J.; White, Christopher; Wallace, Robert L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1583-1_29

Cited by 8 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…We have observed that organisms captured by C. vorax are only temporarily (minutes) stored in the proventriculus (also noted by Bevington et al. for protozoans), and that pumping of the mastax often brings prey within reach of the jaws. The jaws (trophi) of C. vorax are of the uncinate type, which function mainly in grasping prey (Wallace et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Most of these predators rely on passive contact by small plankton (e.g., protists), but members of C. vorax are active predators, which pivot on their permanently attached pedal stalk toward swimming and crawling prey before engulfing them (Bevington et al. ). To date, no raptorial gnesiotrochans have been examined at the ultrastructural level, although rotifers from all major clades (Bdelloidea, Ploima, Gnesiotrocha) have received ample attention regarding the structure of the integument and to a lesser degree, their digestive tract (reviewed in Clément & Wurdak ; Fontaneto & De Smet ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A curious member of the latter group is Cupelopagis vorax ( Leidy 1857), individuals of which are ambush predators that have been examined in some detail because of their unusual body form and ability to detect vibrations produced by prey (Vashist & Dawar ; Koste ; Bevington et al. ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In terms of predation behavior, members of C. vorax are also unique in how they survey their surroundings for vibrations from prey prior to a rapid ambush attack on organisms such as protists, crustaceans, gastrotrichs, nematodes, and other rotifers (Bevington et al. ). Once captured by the infundibulum, prey is forced into an expansive region of the foregut called the proventriculus.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The ultrastructure of the integument and proventriculus in the raptorial rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Monogononta: Collothecaceae: Atrochidae)

Hochberg

Walsh

Wallace

2017

Invertebrate Biology

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Members of the sessile rotifer species Cupelopagis vorax are unusual ambush predators that live permanently attached to submerged freshwater plants. Previous light microscopical research has revealed several uncommon features in this species including a stellate‐patterned integument and an expansive foregut region called the proventriculus. In this study, we apply transmission electron microscopy to explore the ultrastructure of both the integument and foregut to determine how they differ from other rotifers. Our results reveal that the integument is covered by a thick glycocalyx and is patterned with tubercles that originate from the intracytoplasmic lamina (ICL) within the syncytial epidermis. The ICL forms an apical layer within the syncytium, is electron dense and mostly amorphous, and forms tubercles up to 2.3 μm; these tubercles probably account for the patterned appearance of the integument and are similar to what has been found in other gnesiotrochan rotifers. The basal cytoplasm is highly granular and contains two types of membrane‐bound vesicles: large ovoid vesicles (320–411 nm) with amorphous, opaque contents, and secretory bulbs (110–264 nm) with electron‐lucent cores and occasionally electron‐dense contents. Only the secretory bulbs were observed to form connections to the apical plasmalemma, and so are probably exocytotic. Internally, the proventriculus is a large distensible sack that connects the anterior pharyngeal tube to the posterior mastax. The proventricular epithelium is a thin syncytium mostly covered with a dense glycocalyx and a strong brush border of microvilli underlain by a thin terminal web. The cytoplasm contains few organelles and there is no evidence that it is either secretory or has features (e.g., ICL) that might aid in maceration. We hypothesize that the thick glycocalyx might serve a protective function against the movements of live prey and/or against enzymes released from the rotifer's gastric glands that become regurgitated during feeding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ultrastructure of the integument and proventriculus in the raptorial rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Monogononta: Collothecaceae: Atrochidae)

Hochberg

Walsh

Wallace

2017

Invertebrate Biology

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“…Collotheca trilobata ( Collins, 1872 ) consumes diatoms, dinoflagellates, Euglena , and small rotifers; Collotheca ornata ( Ehrenberg , 1830) feeds on the ciliate Coleps ; Collotheca heptabranchiata ( Schoch , 1869) feeds on the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium and colourless flagellates; Stephanoceros ( Ehrenberg , 1832) selects Euglena and Chilomonas (Ardnt, 1993; Wallace, 1980). Additionally, cannibalistic behaviour was reported for C. ornata and Cupelopagis vorax ( Leidy , 1857) (hereafter Cupelopagis ) (Alvarado‐Flores et al, 2017; Bevington et al, 1995). Although predation by this sessile, ambush predator Cupelopagis can be readily studied, information on its feeding has received little attention (Bevington et al, 1995; Butler, 1983; Koste, 1973; Preza, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substratum selection and feeding responses influence the demography of the sessile rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Collothecacea: Atrochidae)

Espinosa‐Rodríguez

Sarma

Wallace

2020

Internat Rev Hydrobiol

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Larvae of the sessile rotifer Cupelopagis vorax swim using their ciliated corona, but do not feed. Once they attach to a substratum and metamorphose into adults, they are predatory on protozoans and micrometazoans. Here we present information on ingestion time, feeding behaviour and food preference of C. vorax using protozoans and non‐sessile rotifers as prey. We also tested effects of physical, chemical and biological stimuli on settlement of C. vorax larvae and, using life table experiments, determined their survivorship and fecundity on three, free‐floating macrophytes. Ingestion time was shortest on prey species smaller than 100 µm. Capture/attack ratio was low for Brachionus calyciflorus, but high for Lecane inermis and Peranema sp. The ingestion/capture ratio was lowest for Oxytricha sp. and highest for Euchlanis lyra and Squatinella lamellaris. Species that swim slowly and close to the surface of hydrophytes (E. lyra, Lepadella patella, L. inermis, Peranema sp., Philodina sp. and S. lamellaris) had lower ingestion time, higher encounter/attack ratio, and were the preferred prey in selectivity experiments. Larval settlement was higher on macrophyte leaves of Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna valdiviana and Wolffiella sp., but lower on Azolla filiculoides and Wolffia columbiana. Coverslips coated with dried extracts of macrophytes showed lower rates of larval settlement compared to live macrophytes, as well as coverslips that had been allowed to develop natural biofilms or were physically roughened. Contrary to what might be expected from the settling tests, life‐table experiments showed that W. columbiana enhanced survivorship (mean lifespan and life expectancy) and rate of population increase, while animals attached to Wolffiella sp. had lower values for life history characteristics. This study adds to our understanding of the impact of Cupelopagis predation on protozoans and rotifers and the importance of substratum selection on larval settlement, adult survival, and reproductive potential after larval settlement.

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Size-dependent Catalysis of Chlorovirus Population Growth by A Messy Feeding Predator

et al. 2017

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Many chloroviruses replicate in endosymbiotic zoochlorellae that are protected from infection by their symbiotic host. To reach the high virus concentrations that often occur in natural systems, a mechanism is needed to release zoochlorellae from their hosts. We demonstrate that the ciliate predator Didinium nasutum foraging on zoochlorellae-bearing Paramecium bursaria can release live zoochlorellae from the ruptured prey cell that can then be infected by chloroviruses. The catalysis process is very effective, yielding roughly 95% of the theoretical infectious virus yield as determined by sonication of P. bursaria. Chlorovirus activation is more effective with smaller Didinia, as larger Didinia typically consume entire P. bursaria cells without rupturing them, precluding the release of zoochlorellae. We also show that the timing of Chlorovirus growth is tightly linked to the predator-prey cycle between Didinium and Paramecium, with the most rapid increase in chloroviruses temporally linked to the peak foraging rate of Didinium, supporting the idea that predator-prey cycles can drive cycles of Chlorovirus abundance.

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Predatory behavior of Cupelopagis vorax (Rotifera; Collothecacea; Atrochidae) on protozoan prey

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

The ultrastructure of the integument and proventriculus in the raptorial rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Monogononta: Collothecaceae: Atrochidae)

The ultrastructure of the integument and proventriculus in the raptorial rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Monogononta: Collothecaceae: Atrochidae)

Substratum selection and feeding responses influence the demography of the sessile rotifer Cupelopagis vorax (Collothecacea: Atrochidae)

Size-dependent Catalysis of Chlorovirus Population Growth by A Messy Feeding Predator

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