Predators affect competitors’ coexistence through fear effects

Schmitz, Oswald J.

doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01712-7

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…04 showing local stability of the equilibrium point E * = (0.8700, 0.8608, 3.3500) then it relives competition pressure on other species, thereby allowing coexistence of multiple species. Recent field experiments showed that predators can induce a non-consumptive effect on their prey, for example fear [30]. Due to predation fear, prey can adopt defensive strategies that disrupt coexistence [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Mukherjee

2021

Jambura J. Biomath.

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Predator-prey interaction is a fundamental feature in the ecological system. The majority of studies have addressed how competition and predation affect species coexistence. Recent field studies on vertebrate has shown that fear of predators can influence the behavioural pattern of prey populations and reduce their reproduction. A natural question arises whether species coexistence is still possible or not when predator induce fear on competing species. Based on the above observation, we propose a mathematical model of two competing prey-one predator system with the cost of fear that affect not only the reproduction rate of both the prey population but also the predation rate of predator. To make the model more realistic, we incorporate intraspecific competition within the predator population. Biological justification of the model is shown through positivity and boundedness of solutions. Existence andstability of different boundary equilibria are discussed. Condition for the existence of coexistence equilibrium point is derived from showing uniform persistence. Local as well as a global stability criterion is developed. Bifurcation analysis is performed by choosing the fear effect as the bifurcation parameter of the model system. The nature of the limit cycle emerging through a Hopf bifurcation is indicated. Numerical experiments are carried out to test the theoretical results obtained from this model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Mukherjee

2021

Jambura J. Biomath.

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“…If the predator chooses strongest competitor species, mostly then it relives competition pressure on other species, thereby allowing coexistence of multiple species. Recent field experiments showed that predators can induce a non-consumptive effect on their prey, for example fear [23]. Due to predation fear, prey can adopt defensive strategies that disrupt coexistence [20].To address fears induced coexistence on competing species, we developed a mathematical model of two competing prey species and one predator where predator, not only kill both the prey but also shows non-consumptive effect upon them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Mukherjee

2020

Preprint

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Predator-prey interaction is a fundamental feature in the ecological system. The majority of studies has addressed how competition and predation affect species coexistence. Recent field studies on vertebrate has shown that fear of predators can influence the behavioural pattern of prey populations and reduce their reproduction. A natural question arises whether species coexistence is still possible or not when predator induce fear on competing species. Based on the above observation, we propose a mathematical model of two competing prey-one predator system with the cost of fear that affect reproduction rate of both the prey population. To make the model more realistic, we incorporate intraspecific competition within the predator population. Biological justification of the model is shown through positivity and boundedness of solutions. Existence and stability of different boundary equilibria are discussed. Condition for the existence of coexistence equilibrium point is derived from showing uniform persistence. Local as well as a global stability criterion is developed. Bifurcation analysis is performed by choosing the fear effect as the bifurcation parameter of the model system. The nature of the limit cycle emerging through a Hopf bifurcation is indicated. Chaotic motion is observed when one of two prey has bigger competitive capacities than the other. Numerical experiments are carried out to test the theoretical results obtained for this model.

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“…In [32] a series of 6 year long experiments are conducted in various Caribean islands that aim to refute the theory of adaptive predation -which suggests that predators reduce dominant competitors, thus preventing competitive exclusion and enhancing coexistence in food webs. However, non-consumptive effects such as fear of depredation can have strongly influencing effects [32,36,2,37]. [32] considers a series of experiments with two competing species of lizards, brown anolis (Anolis sagrei ) that dwells on tree trunks, and green anolis (Anolis smaragdinus) that dwells on tree canopies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamical Analysis of a Lotka-Volterra Competition Model with both Allee and Fear Effect

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Srivastava³

et al. 2023

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Population ecology theory is replete with density dependent processes. However trait-mediated or behavioral indirect interactions can both reinforce or oppose density-dependent effects. This paper presents the first two species competitive ODE and PDE systems where an Allee effect, which is a density dependent process and the fear effect, which is non-consumptive and behavioral are both present. The stability of the equilibria is discussed analytically using the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations. It is found that the Allee effect and the fear effect change the extinction dynamics of the system and the number of positive equilibrium points, but they do not affect the stability of the positive equilibria. We also observe some special dynamics that induce bifurcations in the system by varying the Allee or fear parameter. Interestingly we find that the Allee effect working in conjunction with the fear effect, can bring about several qualitative changes to the dynamical behavior of the system with only the fear effect in place, in regimes of small fear. That is, for small amounts of the fear parameter, it can change a competitive exclusion type situation to a strong competition type situation.It can also change a weak competition type situation to a bi-stability type situation. However for large fear regimes the Allee effect reinforces the dynamics driven by the fear effect. The analysis of the corresponding spatially explicit model is also presented. To this end the comparison principle for parabolic PDE is used. The conclusions of this paper have strong implications for conservation biology, biological control as well as the preservation of biodiversity.

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Predators affect competitors’ coexistence through fear effects

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Impact of predator fear on two competing prey species

Dynamical Analysis of a Lotka-Volterra Competition Model with both Allee and Fear Effect

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