Predator odor (TMT) exposure potentiates interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol and increases GABAergic gene expression in the anterior insular cortex and nucleus accumbens in male rats

Abstract

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) confers enhanced vulnerability to develop comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD). Exposure to the scent of a predator, such as the fox odor TMT, has been used to model a traumatic stressor with relevance to PTSD symptomatology. Alcohol produces distinct interoceptive (subjective) effects that may influence vulnerability to problem drinking and AUD. As such, understanding the lasting impact of stressor on sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol is clinically relevant. The present study used a 2-lever, operant drug discrimination procedure to train male, Long-Evans rats to discriminate the interoceptive effects of alcohol (2 g/kg, IG) from water. Upon stable performance, rats underwent a 15-min exposure to TMT. Two weeks later, an alcohol dose-response curve was conducted to evaluate the lasting effects of the TMT stressor on the interoceptive effects of alcohol. The TMT group showed a leftward shift in ED50 of the dose response curve compared to controls, reflecting potentiated interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol. TMT exposure did not affect response rate. GABAergic signaling in both the anterior insular cortex (aIC) and the nucleus accumbens (Acb) is involved in the interoceptive effects of alcohol and stressor-induced adaptations. As such, follow-up experiments in alcohol-naive rats examined neuronal activation (as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity) following TMT and showed that TMT exposure increased c-Fos expression in the aIC and the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC). 2 weeks after TMT exposure, Gad-1 gene expression was elevated in the aIC and Gat-1 was increased in the Acb compared to controls. Lastly, the alcohol discrimination and alcohol-naive groups displayed dramatic differences in stress reactive behaviors during the TMT exposure, suggesting that alcohol exposure may alter the behavioral response to predator odor. Together, these data suggest that predator odor stressor results in potentiated sensitivity to alcohol possibly through GABAergic adaptations in the aIC and Acb, which may be relevant to understanding PTSD-AUD comorbidity.

mGlu2and mGlu3receptor negative allosteric modulators attenuate the interoceptive effects of alcohol in male and female rats

“…Training sessions were identical to [32] and similar to our previous work [22,24,30,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…Training sessions were identical to [32] and similar to our previous work [22, 24, 30, 31, 33–39]. Briefly, training sessions took place each day from Monday-Friday.…”

“…Apparatus -The chambers (Med Associates, Georgia, VT; measuring 31 × 32 × 24 cm) used for drug discrimination training and testing have been detailed elsewhere [31,32]. Briefly, two retractable levers were on each side (left or right) of a liquid dipper receptacle on the right-side wall of the chamber.…”