Predator evasion in a fish school: test of a model for the fountain effect

Hall, Stephen J.; Wardle, C. S.; MacLennan, David N.

doi:10.1007/bf00397579

Cited by 66 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…at 150deg). As in some other taxa (fish, Marlangius merlangus; insects, Triatoma infestans) (Hall et al, 1986;Lazzari and Varju, 1990), these preferred ETs may correspond to particular limits imposed by the crab's sensory organs (Domenici and Blake, 1993) because soldier crab eyes have a limited field of view, which may be extended by the rotation of their eye stalks (Nalbach and Nalbach, 1987).…”

Section: Crabsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In addition, schooling fish were found to show relatively uniform ET 0 s (approximately 150deg), unlike solitary individuals of the same species, presumably as a result of interactions among neighbours (Domenici and Batty, 1997). Similarly, avoidance responses in schooling whiting, Merlangius merlangus, were found to show ETЉs of approximately 135deg, which was interpreted as prey keeping the threat within the limits of their visual field (Hall et al, 1986). Such avoidance responses are, however, slower than Mauthner-initiated escape responses.…”

Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

131

151

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Summary Escape trajectories (ETs; measured as the angle relative to the direction of the threat) have been studied in many taxa using a variety of methodologies and definitions. Here, we provide a review of methodological issues followed by a survey of ET studies across animal taxa, including insects, crustaceans, molluscs, lizards, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Variability in ETs is examined in terms of ecological significance and morpho-physiological constraints. The survey shows that certain escape strategies (single ETs and highly variable ETs within a limited angular sector) are found in most taxa reviewed here, suggesting that at least some of these ET distributions are the result of convergent evolution. High variability in ETs is found to be associated with multiple preferred trajectories in species from all taxa, and is suggested to provide unpredictability in the escape response. Random ETs are relatively rare and may be related to constraints in the manoeuvrability of the prey. Similarly, reports of the effect of refuges in the immediate environment are relatively uncommon, and mainly confined to lizards and mammals. This may be related to the fact that work on ETs carried out in laboratory settings has rarely provided shelters. Although there are a relatively large number of examples in the literature that suggest trends in the distribution of ETs, our understanding of animal escape strategies would benefit from a standardization of the analytical approach in the study of ETs, using circular statistics and related tests, in addition to the generation of large data sets.

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Section: Crabsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 93%

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

131

151

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“…into the model may increase its complexity. For example, an optimal trajectory could be modeled based on the compromise of both achieving the maximum distance from the predator, while keeping it within the field of view (Hall et al, 1986). Nevertheless, such models would still yield a single optimal solution.…”

Section: Optimal or Unpredictable Ets? Theoretical Issues And Emerginmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many species, however, do not walk sideways and have a blind zone posteriorly; therefore, escaping at 180deg away from the threat would not allow them to keep track of the threat. Hall et al (Hall et al, 1986) and Lazzari and Varju (Lazzari and Varju, 1990) working on fish (Merlangius merlangus) and assassin bugs (Triatoma infestans), respectively, suggested that the observed ETЉs (approximately 135 and 120deg, respectively) correspond to escaping just within the limits of the visual zone, thereby maximizing distance from the danger while tracking it. In fish, this strategy was observed in responses that are slower than the typical Mauthner-cell-mediated escape response (Hall et al, 1986).…”

Section: Sensory and Neural Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hall et al (Hall et al, 1986) and Lazzari and Varju (Lazzari and Varju, 1990) working on fish (Merlangius merlangus) and assassin bugs (Triatoma infestans), respectively, suggested that the observed ETЉs (approximately 135 and 120deg, respectively) correspond to escaping just within the limits of the visual zone, thereby maximizing distance from the danger while tracking it. In fish, this strategy was observed in responses that are slower than the typical Mauthner-cell-mediated escape response (Hall et al, 1986). This kind of manoeuvre seems to be largely determined by the approaching speed of the predator and the prey's detection distance and swimming performance (Hall et al, 1986).…”

Section: Sensory and Neural Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

167

169

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SummaryEscape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the directionality (the percentage of responses directed away from the threat) and the escape trajectories (ETs) measured relative to the threat. Although logic would suggest that animals should always turn away from a predator, work on various species shows that these away responses occur only approximately 50-90% of the time. A small proportion of towards responses may introduce some unpredictability and may be an adaptive feature of the escape system. Similar issues apply to ETs. Theoretically, an optimal ET can be modelled on the geometry of predator-prey encounters. However, unpredictability (and hence high variability) in trajectories may be necessary for preventing predators from learning a simple escape pattern. This review discusses the emerging trends in escape trajectories, as well as the modulating key factors, such as the surroundings and body design. The main ET patterns identified are: (1) high ET variability within a limited angular sector (mainly 90-180deg away from the threat; this variability is in some cases based on multiple peaks of ETs), (2) ETs that allow sensory tracking of the threat and (3) ETs towards a shelter. These characteristic features are observed across various taxa and, therefore, their expression may be mainly related to taxon-independent animal design features and to the environmental context in which prey live -for example whether the immediate surroundings of the prey provide potential refuges.

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Animating predator and prey fish interactions

Podila

Zhu

2018

Computer Animation & Virtual

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Fish exhibit a wide variety of behavior, including swimming and schooling. Animating a school of fish is difficult because of the large number of fish and because a school of fish often swims in distinctive and coordinated patterns, particularly when they are attacked by a predator. Previous work in computer graphics has not provided satisfactory models to simulate the many distinctive interactions between a school of prey fish and their predator. In this paper, we present a fish school escape behavior model that can simulate 12 fish escape maneuvers identified in biological studies: compact, avoid, fast avoid, skitter, fountain, flash, ball, split, join, herd, vacuole, and hourglass. This behavior animation model can free an animator from dealing with the low‐level animations but instead controls the fish behavior on a higher level by modifying a state machine and a small set of system parameters.

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Predator evasion in a fish school: test of a model for the fountain effect

Cited by 66 publications

References 7 publications

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Animal escapology I: theoretical issues and emerging trends in escape trajectories

Animating predator and prey fish interactions

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