Predation on Orthoptera and other orders in insects by tamarin monkeys,<i>Saguinus mystax mystax</i>and<i>Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons</i>(Primates: Callitrichidae), in north‐eastern Peru

Nickle, David A.; Heymann, Eckhard W.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05479.x

Cited by 61 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Dawson (1979) suggested that the orthopteran prey of tamarins do not become sufficiently warm to emerge from their nocturnal resting places until well after dawn. However Nickle and Heymann (1996) and Smith (2000) showed the majority of the prey species taken to be nocturnal, spending the day inactive at a roost site, which would refute this hypothesis. Alternatively the efficiency of foraging before sunrise, in low intensity light, may not be adequate for a small bodied primate, especially following the relatively long fast of the night.…”

Section: Time Of Entry To and Exit From Sleeping Sitescontrasting

confidence: 40%

Long‐term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax): Effects of foraging, thermoregulation, predation, and resource defense constraints

Smith

Knogge

Huck

et al. 2007

American J Phys Anthropol

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Sleeping sites are an important aspect of an animal's ecology given the length of time that they spend in them. The sleep ecology of wild saddleback and mustached tamarins is examined using a long‐term data set covering three mixed‐species troops and 1,300+ tamarin nights. Seasonal changes in photoperiod accounted for a significant amount of variation in sleeping site entry and exit times. Time of exit was more closely correlated with sunrise than time of entry was with sunset. Both species entered their sleeping sites when light levels were significantly higher than when they left them in the morning. Troops of both species used >80 individual sites, the majority being used once. Mustached tamarins never used the same site for more than two consecutive nights, but saddlebacks reused the same site for up to four consecutive nights. Mustached tamarins slept at significantly greater heights than saddleback tamarins. There were consistent interspecific differences in the types of sites used. Neither the presence of infants, season, nor rainfall affected the types or heights of sites chosen. Sleeping sites were located in the central area of exclusive use more often than expected, and their position with respect to fruiting trees indicated a strategy closer to that of a multiple central place forager than a central place forager. These findings are discussed in light of species ecology, with particular reference to predation risk, which is indicated as the major factor influencing the pattern of sleeping site use in these species. Am J Phys Anthropol 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Time Of Entry To and Exit From Sleeping Sitescontrasting

confidence: 40%

Long‐term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax): Effects of foraging, thermoregulation, predation, and resource defense constraints

Smith

Knogge

Huck

et al. 2007

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Common predators of adult phasmids are insectivorous birds (21), but also spiders, mantids, lizards, and bats (e.g., 20,[22][23][24][25][26] attacked large adult leaf insects. Leaf-mimicking orthopteroid insects like phaneropterines and pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) can constitute a large component of the diet of small neotropical monkeys (28). Thus, primates are among the potential predators of leaf insects, and early adapid primates (Prosimii: Notharctidae) are recorded by a few fossils from Messel (listed in ref.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first fossil leaf insect: 47 million years of specialized cryptic morphology and behavior

Wedmann

Bradler

Rust

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

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Stick and leaf insects (insect order Phasmatodea) are represented primarily by twig-imitating slender forms. Only a small percentage (≈1%) of extant phasmids belong to the leaf insects (Phylliinae), which exhibit an extreme form of morphological and behavioral leaf mimicry. Fossils of phasmid insects are extremely rare worldwide. Here we report the first fossil leaf insect, Eophyllium messelensis gen. et sp. nov., from 47-million-year-old deposits at Messel in Germany. The new specimen, a male, is exquisitely preserved and displays the same foliaceous appearance as extant male leaf insects. Clearly, an advanced form of extant angiosperm leaf mimicry had already evolved early in the Eocene. We infer that this trait was combined with a special behavior, catalepsy or “adaptive stillness,” enabling Eophyllium to deceive visually oriented predators. Potential predators reported from the Eocene are birds, early primates, and bats. The combination of primitive and derived characters revealed by Eophyllium allows the determination of its exact phylogenetic position and illuminates the evolution of leaf mimicry for this insect group. It provides direct evidence that Phylliinae originated at least 47 Mya. Eophyllium enlarges the known geographical range of Phylliinae, currently restricted to southeast Asia, which is apparently a relict distribution. This fossil leaf insect bears considerable resemblance to extant individuals in size and cryptic morphology, indicating minimal change in 47 million years. This absence of evolutionary change is an outstanding example of morphological and, probably, behavioral stasis.

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“…rodents or owls) and force many of their prey species, including katydids, to adopt a cryptic lifestyle. This may further restrict overall activity of those animals, which, like katydids, are thought to be nocturnal to avoid high diurnal predation pressure for example by birds and monkeys (Nickle and Heymann 1996). Gleaning insectivorous bats, such as L. silvicolum, which rely mainly on passive acoustic cues to find prey (Schnitzler and Kalko 2001) are likely indirectly affected by the lunar cycle due to its effect on prey behavior and activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity levels of bats and katydids in relation to the lunar cycle

et al. 2005

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Animals are exposed to many conflicting ecological pressures, and the effect of one may often obscure that of another. A likely example of this is the so-called ''lunar phobia'' or reduced activity of bats during full moon. The main reason for lunar phobia was thought to be that bats adjust their activity to avoid predators. However, bats can be prey, but many are carnivorous and therefore predators themselves. Thus, they are likely to be influenced by prey availability as well as predation risk. We investigated the activity patterns of the perchhunting Lophostoma silvicolum and one of its main types of prey, katydids, to assess the influence of the former during different phases of the lunar cycle on a gleaning insectivorous bat. To avoid sampling bias, we used sound recordings and two different capture methods for the katydids, as well as video monitoring and radiotelemetry for the bats. Both, bats and katydids were significantly more active during the dark periods associated with new moon compared to bright periods around the full moon. We conclude that foraging activity of L. silvicolum is probably influenced by prey availability to a large extent and argue that generally the causes of lunar phobia are species-specific.

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Predation on Orthoptera and other orders in insects by tamarin monkeys,Saguinus mystax mystaxandSaguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons(Primates: Callitrichidae), in north‐eastern Peru

Cited by 61 publications

References 42 publications

Long‐term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax): Effects of foraging, thermoregulation, predation, and resource defense constraints

Long‐term patterns of sleeping site use in wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax): Effects of foraging, thermoregulation, predation, and resource defense constraints

The first fossil leaf insect: 47 million years of specialized cryptic morphology and behavior

Activity levels of bats and katydids in relation to the lunar cycle

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